Sarana Sanitasi Dasar dengan Kejadian Diare pada Balita

  Penyakit diare merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang perlu di perhatikan karena penyumbang utama ketiga angka kesakitan dan kematian anak. Tahun 2015 angka kejadian diare tertinggi terjadi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pauh Padang dengan persentase 8,41% yang  tertinggi terdapat di wilayah Limau Manis Selatan. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan Cross Sectional. Penelitian Bulan Februari – Agustus  2016. Populasi adalah seluruh KK yang memiliki Balita di Kelurahan Limau Manis Selatan Kecamatan Pauh Padang. Pengambilan sampel secara proporsional sampling sebesar 73 orang. Data dianalisis secara distribusi frekuensi dengan uji statistik chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kondisi sarana: penyediaan air bersih, jamban keluarga, pembuangan air limbah dan pembuangan sampah keluarga dengan kejadian diare pada Balita. Melalui Pimpinan Puskesmas  disarankan untuk  selalu mengaktifkan progam kesehatan lingkungan mengadakan penyuluhan tentang pentingnya menjaga sanitasi lingkungan rumah tangga yang meliputi penyediaan air bersih, jamban, mengelola air limbah dan mengelola sampah.    Kata kunci : Diare, Air Bersih, Kotoran Manusia, Sampah, Air Limba

TANTANGAN GURU BAHASA ARAB MADRASAH ALIYAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK DAN PROFESIONAL

Pedagogic & professional competence at the teacher is needed in the teaching & learning Arabic. Therefore it is needed a good preparation to support bath at competences in the teaching & learning Arabic. objectives of this study is to describe the important role of pedagogic and professional competence of Arabic teachers in Bandung, and their efforts to enhance both competences. The method used in this research is Naturalist Inquiry, by using Pedoman Penilaian Kinerja Guru Kemendiknas tahun 2010 for forty five Arabic teachers in Bandung. The result of the study showed that the degree of professional & pedagogic competence of Arabic teachers are normal (C). A caused by the linearity of their education. To be a Muallim Najih fi al-lughah Al-Arabiyah it needed a good professional and pedagogic competence.DOI: 10.15408/a.v2i1.151

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Relationship between Unsafe Action and Condition with Work Accident among Production Unit Workers at The Jaya Sentrikon Indonesia Commpany, Padang, West Sumatra

Background: Work accident is a significant burden to society. Multiple factors con­tri­bu­te to work accident. Previous studies have focused on identifying individual and work­­­­place contributing factors. Unsafe action and unsafe worksite may contribute to in­­jury among workers. This study aimed to determine the relationship between unsafe action and condition with work accident among production unit workers at the Jaya Sen­trikon Indonesia Commpany, Padang, West Sumatra. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Jaya Sentrikon Indonesia Commpany, Padang, West Sumatera from September 2016 to Februari 2017. A sample of 50 workers was selected for this study. The dependent variable was work acci­dent. The dependent variables were unsafe action and unsafe condition. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and observation. The data was analyzed by a mul­­­tiple logistic regression. Results: 60 % workers aged > 36 years old. 100% workers were male. As many as 62% wor­kers had experienced work accident. 50% workers did unsafe action and 64% had unsafe condition. The risk of work accident increased with unsafe action (OR=24.43; 95% CI= 4.59 to 130.01; p= 0.001) and unsafe condition (OR=11.26; 95% CI= 2.88 to 43.93; p= 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of work accident increases with unsafe action and unsafe con­dition. Keywords: work accident, unsafe action, unsafe condition

Relationship between Unsafe Action and Condition with Work Accident among Production Unit Workers at The Jaya Sentrikon Indonesia Commpany, Padang, West Sumatra

Background: Work accident is a significant burden to society. Multiple factors con­tri­bu­te to work accident. Previous studies have focused on identifying individual and work­­­­place contributing factors. Unsafe action and unsafe worksite may contribute to in­­jury among workers. This study aimed to determine the relationship between unsafe action and condition with work accident among production unit workers at the Jaya Sen­trikon Indonesia Commpany, Padang, West Sumatra. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Jaya Sentrikon Indonesia Commpany, Padang, West Sumatera from September 2016 to Februari 2017. A sample of 50 workers was selected for this study. The dependent variable was work acci­dent. The dependent variables were unsafe action and unsafe condition. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and observation. The data was analyzed by a mul­­­tiple logistic regression. Results: 60 % workers aged > 36 years old. 100% workers were male. As many as 62% wor­kers had experienced work accident. 50% workers did unsafe action and 64% had unsafe condition. The risk of work accident increased with unsafe action (OR=24.43; 95% CI= 4.59 to 130.01; p= 0.001) and unsafe condition (OR=11.26; 95% CI= 2.88 to 43.93; p= 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of work accident increases with unsafe action and unsafe con­dition. Keywords: work accident, unsafe action, unsafe condition

PEMBATALAN AKTA HIBAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF IMAM MADZHAB

This study aims to analyze the grants based on the views of the scholars of the four schools of thought, namely the Hanafi school, the Maliki school, the Syafi'i school and the Hambali school, as well as the review of the madhhab scholars regarding the decision issued by the District Court for the cancellation of the grant deed made before the PPAT. The method used in this qualitative research is descriptive analytical method. The data collection technique used a literature study technique, the data collected only related to the topics discussed, carried out systematically and prioritized actuality and accuracy, then analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. This study found that the decision of the District Court which granted the lawsuit for the cancellation of the grant deed made by parents against their children, was in accordance with the opinion of the scholars of madhhab. The results of this study are expected to be part of the scientific treasures, especially those related to grants and cancellation of grants, and hopefully this research can be used as a reference for more comprehensive and in-depth research

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundRegular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.FindingsThe leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.InterpretationLong-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere