Quality assessment and health safety of natural spring water

In this paper the natural spring water was investigated. The sample of spring water was taken at the beginning of July 2019 in Tuzla, Bosnia and Hercegovina (BIH), which is consumed by the local population. The source of in-vestigated spring water is located above salt mine. All parameters of health safety were analysed by the methods of laboratory tests regulated by the State regulation on natural mineral and natural spring waters ”Official Ga-zette BiH” No. 26/10 and 32/12, i.e. physical-chemical and microbiological analysis was performed. The results of the study showed that water is not for drinking because it contains higher concentrations of ammonium ion (NH4+) which is 0.89 mg/L, nitrite (NO2-) 2.20 mg/L and sulphate (SO42-) 398.34 mg/L, and coliform bacteria are isolated. The pH value of 9.07 indicate that this spring water is alkaline. The concentrations of iron (Fe2+) 0.007 mg/L and manganese (Mn2+) 0.0144 mg/L are within the allowed limit values while the concentration of lead (Pb2+) 0.0088 is at the upper maximum allowable value. The results of this research indicate that water in this untreated state is not for drinking

Potential of dyes as draw solutions in forward osmosis for the south african textile industry

The textile industry produces large volumes of wastewater that requires appropriate treatment before being released into the environment. Research globally has focused on advanced desalination technologies to augment the limited freshwater resources. Forward osmosis (FO) technology has gained substantial interest as a possible lower-energy desalination technology. However, challenges such as the availability of effective draw solutions (DS) have limited its implementation. This study evaluated alternative feed water resources and assessed the potential of dye solutions as DS. The aim is to dilute a concentrated dye DS to a target concentration for direct dye-batch use, thereby reclaiming water resources. The measured osmotic pressure (OP) of the alternative feed solutions (synthetic brackish water; syntethic seawater; seawater from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans; and wastewater from two textile factories) were 414, 2 761, 2 580, 2 614; 1 716 and 7 822 kPa, respectively. Three basic dyes (Maxilon Turquoise, Red and Blue) and three reactive dyes (Carmine, Olive Green and Black) were selected based on common use in the South African textile industry. The dye samples were prepared without and with lt at different concentrations and different dye-to-salt mass ratios ranging from 1:10 to 1:60. The OP trends for the basic dyes followed Blue >> Red > Turquoise and for the reactive dyes Black >> Olive > Carmine. The overall OP trend was Black > Olive > Carmine > Blue > Red > Turquoise. The OP at different dye concentrations and different dye-to-salt ratios was mostly influenced by the dye chemistry and molecular weight (Mw) rather than the type of dye, i.e., reactive vs basic.The OP trend for the dye-to-salt ratios was 1:60 > 1:50 > 1:40 > 1:30 > 1:20 > 1:10. For both the basic and reactive dyes a linear relationship exists between OP and dye concentration; as well as between OP and Mw. The dye DS exhibited larger OP compared to that of the FS evaluated, thus rendering them suitable DS