87 research outputs found

    Studenters upplevelser - Service Management-utbildning ur ett introvert & extrovert perspektiv

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    Akademiska studier Àr ett sÀtt för att höja sin kunskapsnivÄ inom ett visst omrÄde. Kunskapen tillgodogörs genom kurser pÄ landets högskolor och universitet som Àr uppbygga med hjÀlp av en mÀngd varierande upplÀgg och examinationsformer. Dessa olika studiekontexter passar olika personlighetstyper olika bra och Àr relaterat till deras förmÄgor till engagemang. Personlighetsspektrumet introvert-extrovert innehÄller tvÄ vitt skilda sÀtt att relatera till sin omvÀrld. Denna studies syfte Àr att se till hur introverta och extroverta studenter pÄ utbildningen Service Management upplever sina studier och hur dessa upplevelser stÀmmer överens med deras behov och förutsÀttningar för lÀrande utifrÄn deras personlighetstyper. Dessa upplevelser har utgjort uppsatsens empiri, som insamlats med hjÀlp av intervjuer av introverta och extroverta studenter. Detta har analyserats med uppsatsens teoretiska utgÄngspunkt i tidigare forskning kring introversion och extroversion kopplat till teorier om inlÀrning, social kontext och extern pÄverkan. Studien har visat att det finns skillnader i upplevelserna av sin studietid, men Àven likheter. Olika eximinationsformer kan uppfattas pÄ samma sÀtt, men av olika avledningar utifrÄn sina personlighetspreferenser. De bÄda personlighetstyperna har ocksÄ skilda sÀtt att reagera gentemot yttre stimuli vilket pÄverkar deras upplevelse av miljö, omgivning och sociala faktorer under utbildningen

    Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer from Hydrogen-Bonded Phenols

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    Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is one of the elementary reactions occurring in many chemical and biological systems, such as photosystem II where the oxidation of tyrosine (TyrZ) is coupled to deprotonation of the phenolic proton. This reaction is here modelled by the oxidation of a phenol covalently linked to a Ru(bpy)32+-moitey, which is photo-oxidized by a laser flash-quench method. This model system is unusual as mechanism of PCET is studied in a unimolecular system in water solution. Here we address the question how the nature of the proton accepting base and its hydrogen bond to phenol influence the PCET reaction. In the first part we investigate the effect of an internal hydrogen bond PCET from. Two similar phenols are compared. For both these the proton accepting base is a carboxylate group linked to the phenol on the ortho-position directly or via a methylene group. On the basis of kinetic and thermodynamic arguments it is suggested that the PCET from these occurs via a concerted electron proton transfer (CEP). Moreover, numerical modelling of the kinetic data provides an in-depth analysis of this CEP reaction, including promoting  vibrations  along the O–H–O coordinate that are required to explain the data. The second part describes the study on oxidation of phenol where either water or an external base the proton acceptor. The pH-dependence of the kinetics reveals four mechanistic regions for PCET within the same molecule when water is the base. It is shown that the competition between the mechanisms can be tuned by the strength of the oxidant. Moreover, these studies reveal the conditions that may favour a buffer-assisted PCET over that with deprotonation to water solution

    Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer from Hydrogen-Bonded Phenols

    No full text
    Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is one of the elementary reactions occurring in many chemical and biological systems, such as photosystem II where the oxidation of tyrosine (TyrZ) is coupled to deprotonation of the phenolic proton. This reaction is here modelled by the oxidation of a phenol covalently linked to a Ru(bpy)32+-moitey, which is photo-oxidized by a laser flash-quench method. This model system is unusual as mechanism of PCET is studied in a unimolecular system in water solution. Here we address the question how the nature of the proton accepting base and its hydrogen bond to phenol influence the PCET reaction. In the first part we investigate the effect of an internal hydrogen bond PCET from. Two similar phenols are compared. For both these the proton accepting base is a carboxylate group linked to the phenol on the ortho-position directly or via a methylene group. On the basis of kinetic and thermodynamic arguments it is suggested that the PCET from these occurs via a concerted electron proton transfer (CEP). Moreover, numerical modelling of the kinetic data provides an in-depth analysis of this CEP reaction, including promoting  vibrations  along the O–H–O coordinate that are required to explain the data. The second part describes the study on oxidation of phenol where either water or an external base the proton acceptor. The pH-dependence of the kinetics reveals four mechanistic regions for PCET within the same molecule when water is the base. It is shown that the competition between the mechanisms can be tuned by the strength of the oxidant. Moreover, these studies reveal the conditions that may favour a buffer-assisted PCET over that with deprotonation to water solution

    SJUKSKÖTERSKORS UPPLEVELSER OCH ERFARENHETER AV ATT ARBETA GENOM TOLK

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    Bakgrund: SprĂ„kbarriĂ€rer Ă€r en försvĂ„rande omstĂ€ndighet för sjuksköterskor. EttbegrĂ€nsat informationsflöde har en stor inverkan pĂ„ patientsĂ€kerheten ochomvĂ„rdnadsprocessen. TolkanvĂ€ndning Ă€r en strategi för att fĂ„ bukt medsprĂ„kbarriĂ€rer. Det anvĂ€nds bĂ„de professionella tolkar och ad hoc-tolkar.EfterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ tolktjĂ€nster i Sverige Ă€r hög och kommer troligtvis öka i framtiden.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien Ă€r att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser ocherfarenheter av att arbeta genom tolk inom hĂ€lso- och sjukvĂ„rd.Metod: En litteraturstudie har genomförts med elva studier av kvalitativ ansats.Studierna har granskats, analyserats och sammanstĂ€llts.Resultat: Analysen av artiklarna resulterade i fem teman: “TillgĂ€nglighet”,“Kvalitet i översĂ€ttningen”, “Emotionellt engagemang och involvering”,“Patientens förtroende för tolken” samt “Ekonomiska och organisatoriskaaspekter”.Konklusion: Sjuksköterskan anvĂ€nder ofta ad hoc-tolkar eller ingen tolk trots attde Ă€r medvetna om de negativa konsekvenser som detta medför. Det beror till stordel pĂ„ bristfĂ€llig tillgĂ€nglighet till professionella tolkar och ekonomiska faktorer.Background: Language barriers are a problematic circumstance for nurses. Alimited flow of information has a big impact on patient safety and the nursingprocess. The use of interpreters is a strategy to overcome language barriers. Bothprofessional interpreters and ad hoc interpreters are used. The demand forinterpreter services in Sweden is high and will likely increase in the future.Aim: The aim of the literature review is to illuminate nurses’ experiences ofworking through an interpreter in health care.Method: A literature review was undertaken with eleven qualitative studies. Thestudies have been reviewed, analysed and compiled.Findings: The analysis of the articles resulted in five themes: “Availability”,“Quality in the interpretation”, “Emotional commitment and involvement”, “Thepatients confidence in the interpreter” and “Economic and organizationalaspects”.Conclusion: Nurses often use ad hoc interpreters or no interpreter even thoughthey are aware of the negative consequences. The main reasons are lackingavailability of professional interpreters and economic factors

    SJUKSKÖTERSKORS UPPLEVELSER OCH ERFARENHETER AV ATT ARBETA GENOM TOLK

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    Bakgrund: SprĂ„kbarriĂ€rer Ă€r en försvĂ„rande omstĂ€ndighet för sjuksköterskor. EttbegrĂ€nsat informationsflöde har en stor inverkan pĂ„ patientsĂ€kerheten ochomvĂ„rdnadsprocessen. TolkanvĂ€ndning Ă€r en strategi för att fĂ„ bukt medsprĂ„kbarriĂ€rer. Det anvĂ€nds bĂ„de professionella tolkar och ad hoc-tolkar.EfterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ tolktjĂ€nster i Sverige Ă€r hög och kommer troligtvis öka i framtiden.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien Ă€r att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser ocherfarenheter av att arbeta genom tolk inom hĂ€lso- och sjukvĂ„rd.Metod: En litteraturstudie har genomförts med elva studier av kvalitativ ansats.Studierna har granskats, analyserats och sammanstĂ€llts.Resultat: Analysen av artiklarna resulterade i fem teman: “TillgĂ€nglighet”,“Kvalitet i översĂ€ttningen”, “Emotionellt engagemang och involvering”,“Patientens förtroende för tolken” samt “Ekonomiska och organisatoriskaaspekter”.Konklusion: Sjuksköterskan anvĂ€nder ofta ad hoc-tolkar eller ingen tolk trots attde Ă€r medvetna om de negativa konsekvenser som detta medför. Det beror till stordel pĂ„ bristfĂ€llig tillgĂ€nglighet till professionella tolkar och ekonomiska faktorer.Background: Language barriers are a problematic circumstance for nurses. Alimited flow of information has a big impact on patient safety and the nursingprocess. The use of interpreters is a strategy to overcome language barriers. Bothprofessional interpreters and ad hoc interpreters are used. The demand forinterpreter services in Sweden is high and will likely increase in the future.Aim: The aim of the literature review is to illuminate nurses’ experiences ofworking through an interpreter in health care.Method: A literature review was undertaken with eleven qualitative studies. Thestudies have been reviewed, analysed and compiled.Findings: The analysis of the articles resulted in five themes: “Availability”,“Quality in the interpretation”, “Emotional commitment and involvement”, “Thepatients confidence in the interpreter” and “Economic and organizationalaspects”.Conclusion: Nurses often use ad hoc interpreters or no interpreter even thoughthey are aware of the negative consequences. The main reasons are lackingavailability of professional interpreters and economic factors

    Fair Trade - en litteraturstudie med fokus pÄ premien

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    Uppsatsen sammanfattar nationalekonomiska teorier kring fair trade och, för teorierna, relevant empiri. Störst vikt lÀggs vid fair trades prismekanism och vilka effekter samt bieffekter den innebÀr. Teorikapitlet bestÄr i princip av fyra delar; Premiens konsekvenser i effektivitetshÀnseende. Rational choice, om incitamenten att delta i fair trade. DÀrefter en handelsteoretisk jÀmförelse mellan fri handel och fair trade i heckscher-Ohlinmodllen. Sist undersöks vilka följder kooperativet som organisationsform fÄr, frÀmst i konkurrensrelaterade frÄgor. I empiriavsnittet undersöks i vilken mÄn fair trade lyckats höja och stabilisera deltagarnas inkomst samt vilka resurser som anvÀnts för att göra detta. Sist analyseras hur premien anvÀnds, vilka investeringar den leder till och behovet av att mer aktivt hjÀlpa producenterna undvika en beroendestÀllning gentemot fair trade

    A Historical Evaluation of Inflation Dynamics and the Role of Inflation Expectations

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    We employ a VAR-model to study the dynamics of inflation and the role of inflation expectations and other macro economic variables to the inflation process with annual data over the period 1880-2005 in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, The UK and The US. We divide the period into four sub-periods following the Lucas critique (1976). The periods under examination are: 1880-1913, 1914-1939, 1950-1971 and 1972-2005 and the variables studied besides inflation expectations are long run excess money growth, short term interest rate and output-gap. This helps us interpreting the changing role of inflation expectations over the period. Because of the limitations of the VAR-model we also complement the method with correlation schemes and OLS-regressions with ad-hoc selection of lags based on the correlation schemes. We find weak evidence on rational expectations up until 1972 where the expectations to a larger extent can help explain the inflation process. The results suggest that inflation expectations are more adaptive than rational. Up until 1972 there are no signs that inflation expectations would be a leading variable to inflation

    Spanning four mechanistic regions of intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer in a Ru(bpy)3(2+)-tyrosine complex

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    Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) from tyrosine (TyrOH) to a covalently linked [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) photosensitizer in aqueous media has been systematically reinvestigated by laser flash-quench kinetics as a model system for PCET in radical enzymes and in photochemical energy conversion. Previous kinetic studies on Ru-TyrOH molecules (Sjödin et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3932; Irebo et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15462) have established two mechanisms. Concerted electron-proton (CEP) transfer has been observed when pH 10. Here we compare the PCET rates and kinetic isotope effects (k(H)/k(D)) of four Ru-TyrOH molecules with varying Ru(III/II) oxidant strengths over a pH range of 1-12.5. On the basis of these data, two additional mechanistic regimes were observed and identified through analysis of kinetic competition and kinetic isotope effects (KIE): (i) a mechanism dominating at low pH assigned to a stepwise electron-first PCET and (ii) a stepwise proton-first PCET with OH(-) as proton acceptor that dominates around pH = 10. The effect of solution pH and electrochemical potential of the Ru(III/II) oxidant on the competition between the different mechanisms is discussed. The systems investigated may serve as models for the mechanistic diversity of PCET reactions in general with water (H(2)O, OH(-)) as primary proton acceptor
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