Applying monitoring, verification, and accounting techniques to a real-world, enhanced oil recovery operational CO2 leak

AbstractThe use of carbon dioxide (CO2) for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is being tested for oil fields in the Illinois Basin, USA. While this technology has shown promise for improving oil production, it has raised some issues about the safety of CO2 injection and storage. The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) organized a Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) team to develop and deploy monitoring programs at three EOR sites in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, USA. MVA goals include establishing baseline conditions to evaluate potential impacts from CO2 injection, demonstrating that project activities are protective of human health and the environment, and providing an accurate accounting of stored CO2. This paper focuses on the use of MVA techniques in monitoring a small CO2 leak from a supply line at an EOR facility under real-world conditions.The ability of shallow monitoring techniques to detect and quantify a CO2 leak under real-world conditions has been largely unproven. In July of 2009, a leak in the pipe supplying pressurized CO2 to an injection well was observed at an MGSC EOR site located in west-central Kentucky. Carbon dioxide was escaping from the supply pipe located approximately 1 m underground. The leak was discovered visually by site personnel and injection was halted immediately. At its largest extent, the hole created by the leak was approximately 1.9 m long by 1.7 m wide and 0.7 m deep in the land surface. This circumstance provided an excellent opportunity to evaluate the performance of several monitoring techniques including soil CO2 flux measurements, portable infrared gas analysis, thermal infrared imagery, and aerial hyperspectral imagery.Valuable experience was gained during this effort. Lessons learned included determining (1) hyperspectral imagery was not effective in detecting this relatively small, short-term CO2 leak, (2) even though injection was halted, the leak remained dynamic and presented a safety risk concern during monitoring activities and, (3) the atmospheric and soil monitoring techniques used were relatively cost-effective, easily and rapidly deployable, and required minimal manpower to set up and maintain for short-term assessments. However, characterization of CO2 distribution near the land surface resulting from a dynamic leak with widely variable concentrations and fluxes was challenging

Comparison of Bam and Kerman nursing students’ attitude about death and dying

Finally the event of death of every human face is. But the nurses every day who witnessed the death of patients spend their final days of their lives. Nursing students also involved in the care of patients end their lives are the days spend will be involved. Attitude toward death is one of the most important factors on behavior related to health care professionals affects. Objectives: To compare the attitude towards Kerman and Bam to death and care of dying patients In this cross - sectional study of Kerman and Bam attitude toward death and care of dying patients، using two questionnaires DAP-R (revised attitude towards death) and FATCOD (fromelot attitudes toward care dying patients) were studied. All questionnaires were collected. 98% of questions were answered. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software. Data analysis using descriptive analysis techniques (frequency، mean and standard deviation) and inferential (Pearson) were performed. Nursing students Bam death in January 2003 had the experience to nursing students near Kerman view that the death had not the fear of death were lower. In both groups of students about death and dying were trained compared to untrained students had more positive attitudes towards death were. Results showed that Bam and Kerman attitude towards care of dying patients is different. Although they live in a province and have similar cultures، this study suggests that palliative care education curriculum in nursing students be put to work quality of nurses even in the final days of life of patients will improve. Keywords: Nursing Students, Attitude, Death, Palliative Care, Educatio

The attitude of nursing staff of institute cancer and Valie-Asr hospital toward caring for dying patients

When nurses can positive attitude to death and care of people dying to have a relationship with the humanitarian community to have people. Nurses in palliative care due to the success of their relationship with all patients، their willingness and interest to a dying patient can be. This study was aimed to determine attitudes of Iranian nurses toward caring for dying patients. In this descriptive analytic attitude Cancer Society and the hospital nurses، but Tehran age to the care of dying patients in 2007 using two questionnaires (DAP-R)، (FATCOD) and examined demographic was. Questionnaires to 120 hospital nurses، but Cancer Center that evening and were introduced by the supervisors were given. 98% had answered questions in the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by spss software. Data analysis using descriptive analysis techniques (frequency، mean and standard deviation) and inferential (Pearson) were performed. Most respondent's to death as a natural part of life and a way to achieve life after death were noted. Most nurses tend to take care of dying patients and emotional support from their families were but they did not like about death with patients or their family speak or give them training in this area. Many nurses did not like the patients or their families decide be willing to engage patients and their families in care. Personal look at nurses as their personal experiences influence their attitudes toward death and care of dying patients can be Lack of education and experience plus career and cultural constraints، creating a negative attitude towards death، the study nurses and care of dying patients were involved. Appears to be that nurses can create an interactive environment، their feelings about death and dying can express effective way to identify influential factors in nurses interacting with patients are dying. Continuing education for nurses in palliative care to improve the quality end of life care is needed by. Keywords: Attitude, Death, Palliative Care, Nurse

Optimization of Electrical Discharge Machining Parameters of Co-Cr-Mo Using Central Composite Design

The optimization of electrical discharge machining (EDM) parameters of Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) is performed using central composite design to improve the process efficiency in terms of increasing material removal rate and electrode utilization time. The effects of pulse on time, pulse off time, voltage and current on electrode wear rate (EWR) and material removal rate (MRR) have been examined. The experimental results indicate that higher pulse on time, lower pulse off time, 100 v to 110 v for voltage and current at the range of 8 to 9 A are the adequate selection to achieve higher MRR and lower EWR

Caring for People at the End of Life: Iranian Oncology Nurses' Experiences

Aim: To explore the meaning of Iranian oncology nurses′ experiences of caring for people at the end of life. Materials and Methods: A phenomenological hermeneutic approach was applied. Fifteen nurses working in oncology units were interviewed in 2007 regarding their experiences of caring for people at the end of life. Results: Participants experienced caring for people at the end of life as sharing space and time to be lost within an organizational context. This main theme was divided into three subthemes including being attentive to the dying persons and their families, being cared for by the dying persons and their families, and being faced with barriers. Conclusion: The study suggests that the nurses′ success in caring for people at the end of life is reliant on their interpersonal caring relationship. Facilitating such relationship requires the establishment of palliative care unit, incorporation of palliative care into undergraduate nursing studies, and cultural preparation through public education

Effect of Electrode Material and Electrical Discharge Machining Parameters on Machining of CO-CR-MO

The adequate selection of machining parameters is of prime importance to take into the account in of advanced engineering materials. The main focus of this experimental study is to observe the effect of electrode material and machining parameters viz. peak current, main voltage and duty factor on EDM of Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) using copper and brass electrodes. The findings highlight that electrode material significantly affects the process performance with respect to material removal rate and electrode wear. Better performance and higher efficiency is achieved by copper electrode. Peak current, voltage and duty factor play important roles in EDM performance and efficiency in terms of reducing machining time and improve tool utilization time and life

Orthopaedic nurses' knowledge about pressure ulcers in Iran: a cross-sectional study

Objective: To assess nurses' knowledge about pressure ulcers in an Iranian orthopaedic ward. Method: A cross-sectional, self-report questionnaire study using Pieper's Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test (PUKT). Orthopaedic nurses' knowledge about pressure ulcers was examined in two teaching hospitals in Iran. The questionnaire consisted of 41 true or false assertions, categorised according to pressure ulcer classification and onset, wound characteristics and preventive measure. Results: Of 68 nurses, 57 participated in this study (response rate of 84%); of the respondents, 68% (n=39) were women and 32% (n=18) were men. Mean age of participants was 30.2 +/- 5.1 years and mean years of experience was 6.9 +/- 4.6 years. The overall rate of correct responses by nurses was 70.1%. Nurses had the highest level of knowledge in the pressure ulcer prevention category and the lowest in the pressure ulcer categorisation and onset section. No relationship was found between level of knowledge and nurses' years of experience. Conclusion: Pressure ulcer prevention is one of the most important roles of nurses in an orthopaedic setting. The results of this study suggest that orthopaedic nurses in Iran were not sufficiently knowledgeable about pressure ulcers. Therefore, there is a need to improve their knowledge with some targeted, educational programmes. Declaration of interest: There were no external sources of funding for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare