A simple method to construct Flat Band lattices

We develop a simple and general method to construct arbitrary Flat Band lattices. We identify the basic ingredients behind zero-dispersion bands and develop a method to construct extended lattices based on a consecutive repetition of a given mini-array. The number of degenerated localized states is defined by the number of connected mini-arrays times the number of modes preserving the symmetry at a given connector site. In this way, we create one or more (depending on the lattice geometry) complete degenerated Flat Bands for quasi-one and two-dimensional systems. We probe our method by studying several examples, and discuss the effect of additional interactions like anisotropy or nonlinearity. At the end, we test our method by studying numerically a ribbon lattice using a continuous description.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure

Las mujeres Mapuche como productoras agrícolas, 1930-1950

Este artículo examina el papel de la mujer Mapuche como productora agrícola en la economía familiar, mediante el acceso y manejo de capitales agrarios que se invierten en asociatividad con labradores varones, delineando la presencia de una pauta de acumulación de riqueza agropecuaria a nivel femenino paralela a la desplegada por los hombres. Variable que contribuirá al fortalecimiento de la economía familiar y el incremento de las explotaciones prediales en las reservas indígenas del período 1930-1950.Palabras claves: Agricultura Mapuche, economía Mapuche, Chile, historia agraria.AbstractThis article assesses the role played by Mapuche women as agricultural producers in the Mapuche’s family economy, through access and management of agrarian capital, which was invested in association with male farmers. It shows that female’s agricultural wealth accumulation followed a similar pattern to male’s agricultural wealth accumulation. This contributed to the strengthening of the family economy and to an increase in the exploitation of agricultural plots in the Mapuche’s reservations during the period 1930-1950.Keywords: Mapuche agriculture, Mapuche economy, Chile, agrarian history

Physiological Response of 14 \u3cem\u3eLotus tenuis\u3c/em\u3e Genotypes Subjected to Drought Conditions

Lotus tenuis L. is a perennial forage species of European origin. It is found in Chile in a wide range of environments between the Valparaíso (32°S) and Bíobío Regions (38°S), with a strong presence in areas with clay and volcanic soils of medium texture with problems of moisture retention. The Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) perennial forage legume breeding program has focused on developing drought-tolerant cultivars of the species. A population of 100 individuals was selected in previous studies, and all individuals were agronomically and physiologically characterized under field and greenhouse conditions. Results led to the selection of a sub-population of 14 individuals composed of drought-sensitive (7) and drought-tolerant (7) genotypes. The objective of this study was to interpret drought tolerance/sensitivity of the sub-population by analyzing plant physiological response under field drought conditions

Transferring Simple Sequence Repeat Molecular Markers from a Model to Cultivated \u3cem\u3eLotus\u3c/em\u3e Species: Genetic Diversity in an Association Mapping Population of \u3cem\u3eLotus tenuis\u3c/em\u3e

Lotus tenuis is a diploid (2n=12), out-crossing, self-incompatible, perennial species originating from the Mediterranean basin, North Africa, and Asia. On the other hand, Lotus japonicus has been selected as a model species be-cause of its simple genetic conditions (diploid, self-crossing, and short ontogenetic cycle). Lotus japonicus is currently the focus of large multinational genome projects that periodically release outstanding products; these include sequencing of genomic DNA on a large scale, generating molecular markers, and constructing high-density linkage maps (Szczyglowski and Stougaard 2008). Furthermore, comparative genetic studies have demonstrated conserva-tion of genome structure among model and crop species; this suggests that knowledge might be transferred effectively between these species. A population of 100 genotypes with divergent drought tolerance (tolerant and sensitive) was selected from INIA-Chile forage legume breeding pro-gram. This population has been physiologically and agronomically characterized under field and greenhouse drought conditions. It was recently genetically characterized with 88 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Genetic and phenotypic information led to the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with drought tolerance of the species by association mapping analysis. The present study shows preliminary results of the molecular characterization performed with 88 SSRs developed in L. japonicus which amplified the L. tenuis genome. Genetic diversity analysis is presented in order to characterize the degree of information that SSRs provide and identify groups or structures within the population that can influence association mapping analysis

Quantum localized states in photonic flat-band lattices

The localization of light in flat-band lattices has been recently proposed and experimentally demonstrated in several configurations, assuming a classical description of light. Here, we study the problem of light localization in the quantum regime. We focus on quasi one-dimensional and two-dimensional lattices which exhibit a perfect flat-band inside their linear spectrum. Localized quantum states are constructed as eigenstates of the interaction Hamiltonian with a vanishing eigenvalue and a well defined total photon number. These are superpositions of Fock states with probability amplitudes given by positive as well as negative square roots of multinomial coefficients. The classical picture can be recovered by considering poissonian superpositions of localized quantum states with different total photon number. We also study the separability properties of flat band quantum states and apply them to the transmission of information via multi-core fibers, where these states allow for the total passive suppression of photon crosstalk and exhibit robustness against photon losses. At the end, we propose a novel on-chip setup for the experimental preparation of localized quantum states of light for any number of photons.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

El mito de pristinidad y los usos efectivos del territorio de la región de Magallanes, Patagonia Chilena: Forestal, minería y acuicultura

The current classification methods of land use in remote regions have two serious limitations. The first is the conceptual mixture between land uses and covers, which does not reflect the actual direct use of land. A second limitation is the absence of important uses such as tourism, aquaculture and mining, which impose significant pressures on fragile territories. This paper presents a land use classification method developed specifically for the region of Magellan in the extreme south of Chile. It is a land use classification wide and conceptually clear, which allows an effective determination of the range of land exploitations in Patagonia, determining which areas are used and which remain unused. The method is based entirely on a GIS and is a key input for improving land management. The analysis shows a high percentage of direct use, contrary to the existing pristine perception, which imposes significant challenges for current land management strategies.Los métodos de clasificación de usos del suelo en regiones remotas presentan dos serias limitaciones. La primera es la mixtura conceptual de usos con coberturas que no refleja el uso efectivo del territorio. Una segunda limitación es la ausencia de usos importantes como turismo, acuicultura y minería, que imponen importantes presiones sobre territorios frágiles. Este trabajo presenta un método para determinar los usos territoriales en la región de Magallanes en el extremo austral de Chile. Se trata de una clasificación de usos del suelo elaborada específicamente para este territorio, conceptualmente clara y amplia, que permite establecer el alcance efectivo de las explotaciones territoriales, determinando qué territorios son utilizados y cuales permanecen sin uso. El método está basado íntegramente en un SIG y constituye un insumo clave para mejorar la gestión territorial. El análisis refleja un alto porcentaje de uso directo, contrario a la percepción de pristinidad existente, lo que genera importantes desafíos para las actuales estrategias de gestión territorial. [fr] Les méthodes de classification de l’utilisation du sol dans les régions reculées présentent deux limitations graves. La première est le mélange conceptuel d’utilisations avec une couverture qui ne reflète pas l’utilisation réelle de la terre. Une seconde limite est l’absence d’usages importants tels que le tourisme, l’aquaculture et l’exploitation minière, qui imposent de fortes pressions sur les terres fragiles. Cet article présente une méthode pour déterminer l’utilisation des terres dans la région de Magallanes à l’extrême sud du Chili. Il s’agit d’une classification de l’utilisation des sols développée spécifiquement pour ce territoire, conceptuellement claire et large, qui permet de déterminer la portée effective des exploitations territoriales, identifier les zones utilisées et celles qui restent inutilisées. La méthode est basée entièrement sur un SIG et est un élément clé pour améliorer la gestion des terres. L’analyse montre un pourcentage élevé d’utilisation directe, contrairement à la perception de nature intacte existante, créant des défis importants pour les stratégies actuelles de gestion des terres

Gestión y estrategias de diseño (a053)

Las nuevas condiciones generadas bajo el escenario de la economía global y los mercados interconectados, han planteado nuevos desafíos en las formas de gestión y coordinación para las empresas

The evolution of the social and urban space of the capital of the Chilean Patagonia, Punta Arenas

This article discusses the forms of spatial occupation of Magallanes Region, set both by the native occupation pattern that responds to local ethnics, and the pattern established by the Republic in 1843.The development of Patagonia and the city of Punta Arenas responded fundamentally to global forces backed up by appropriate local decisions up to end of the nineteenth century. The introduction of regular traffic between Europe and the Pacific, with regular stops in the Colony, together with policies of Free Port and incentives to immigration of national and international colonists influenced decisively on this development. The modest town turned into an important urban centre.Este trabajo trata sobre la forma de ocupación espacial de la región de Magallanes, dado por el patrón de ocupación nativo, que corresponde al de las etnias locales, y el patrón que implanta la República a partir de 1843.Razones del contexto mundial apoyadas por adecuadas decisiones a nivel local, son las que permitieron el desarrollo de la Patagonia y de la ciudad de Punta Arenas fundamentalmente hasta fines del siglo XIX. La iniciación del tráfico regular entre Europa y el Pacífico, con recalada obligada en la colonia, y las medidas de Puerto libre y de incentivo a la inmigración de colonos nacionales y extranjeros, influirán decisivamente en ese desarrollo. El modesto pueblo se transforma en un importante centro urbano

La huella urbana y ecológica de Magallanes. Una mirada sobre nuestra insostenibilidad

El extremo austral de Chile constituye uno de los espacios de mayor contraste y contradicción de nuestro país, quizá del continente. Desde el punto de vista geográfico, como macro región, la Patagonia comienza con el desmembramiento del continente americano a la altura del paralelo 41ºS, que corresponde a la región de los Lagos en Chile e incluye la cordillera de los Andes y el extenso territorio trasandino que se extiende hasta el océano Atlántico, y desde allí en un embudo que termina en el Cabo de Hornos