NEO-LIBERALISM IN CHILE AND ITS IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF QUINOA: A LESSON FOR STRENGTHENING AND DEVELOPING NEW PARTNERSHIPS

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceSince 1973 Chile started a hard neo-liberal economy. This model affected education, health care and all economic activities, including agriculture. No protection and/or planning actions ruled the country that achieved a high GDP (US$14,510/year, per capita) respect to other Latino American countries, but also a very unequal salary distribution (Gini coefficient=0.54). It also achieved a worst land property distribution (Gini coef.=0.95 in some regions). Small-scale landowners received limited financial aid, they sold lands mainly re-oriented to monocultures for exportation markets. Farmers became rather workers of a growing agro-industry. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) a highly nutritive crop, cultivated since the last 7 thousand years in the Andes almost disappeared during the conquest but it was transmitted by ancient Incas to Chilean cultures, people living in very different agro-ecological contexts from 18ºS (Altiplano) to 41ºS (Chiloé Island). The crop was maintained in Chile where dust roads were cut by winter rains and where city supermarkets could not establish. There quinoa became one of their staple food and it escaped free-market driven agriculture that did not promote its cultivation. The 1470 hectares of quinoa in Chile (2007) could increase as Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia do export over 54 thousands hectares under biological certification. This new modern scenario might help to reactivate the culture of this crop in Chile. But the absence of farmer's organizations might become a constraint. Crop biodiversity is poorly known and mass cultivation could further reduce it unless some knowledge/research-action of this diversity could help to create conscience of its importance

Oncogenic role of miR-155 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma lacking the t(2;5) translocation.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare, aggressive, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is characterized by CD30 expression and disease onset in young patients. About half of ALCL patients bear the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation, which results in the formation of the nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma tyrosine kinase (NPM-ALK) fusion protein (ALCL ALK(+)). However, little is known about the molecular features and tumour drivers in ALK-negative ALCL (ALCL ALK(-)), which is characterized by a worse prognosis. We found that ALCL ALK(-), in contrast to ALCL ALK(+), lymphomas display high miR-155 expression. Consistent with this, we observed an inverse correlation between miR-155 promoter methylation and miR-155 expression in ALCL. However, no direct effect of the ALK kinase on miR-155 levels was observed. Ago2 immunoprecipitation revealed miR-155 as the most abundant miRNA, and enrichment of target mRNAs C/EBPβ and SOCS1. To investigate its function, we over-expressed miR-155 in ALCL ALK(+) cell lines and demonstrated reduced levels of C/EBPβ and SOCS1. In murine engraftment models of ALCL ALK(-), we showed that anti-miR-155 mimics are able to reduce tumour growth. This goes hand-in-hand with increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 and high SOCS1 in these tumours, which leads to suppression of STAT3 signalling. Moreover, miR-155 induces IL-22 expression and suppresses the C/EBPβ target IL-8. These data suggest that miR-155 can act as a tumour driver in ALCL ALK(-) and blocking miR-155 could be therapeutically relevant. Original miRNA array data are to be found in the supplementary material (Table S1).This work was supported by the SCRI-LIMCR GmbH, the “Jubiläumsfond der Österreichischen Nationalbank” (grant-no. 14856 to O.M.), R.G. was supported by grant SFB P021 from the Austrian Science Funds (FWF), L.K. was supported by grant FWF, P26011, R.M. was supported by FWF grants SFB F28 and SFB F47. S.D.T. is a Senior Lecturer supported with funding from Leukemia and Lymphoma Research.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.453

Pecosa-Baer: Nuevo cultivar de lupino blanco de hábito de crecimiento determinado arbustivo, grano dulce y alto contenido de proteína

The expansion of white lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) cultivation in Chile is subject to the availability of cultivars presenting high yield potential, tolerance to the main fungal diseases and homogeneous ripening. In response to these requirements, a new cultivar has been developed and registered as 'Liapec-1', commercially registered as 'Pecosa-Baer'. This new cultivar has determined bushy growth habit. Its flowering period is concentrated in approximately 40 days, less than the 77 days of cv. Rumbo-Baer. This trait allows it to reach harvest without heterogeneity problems. The seed is speckled, flat and medium-sized (370 g/1000 grains aprox.). The kernels are sweet and have a high protein content of around 41% (dry matter basis). In field assays, 'Pecosa-Baer' presents a good tolerance to diseases caused by Colletotrichum lupini and Pleiochaeta setosa . The new cultivar has outstanding stability and yield levels, even under low fertilization conditions. An average yield of 5.43 t ha-1 was obtained over four seasons in two locations. In order to maximize its yield, 'Pecosa-Baer' must be sown between April and June at a rate of 140-160 kg ha-1. Given the high protein content and low alkaloid levels of the seeds, they can be included in the diet of all types of animals.La expansión del cultivo del lupino blanco ( Lupinus albus L.) en Chile está sujeta a la disponibilidad de cultivares que presenten altos potenciales de rendimiento, tolerancia a las principales enfermedades fungosas y una maduración homogénea. Respondiendo a estos requerimientos se ha desarrollado el nuevo cultivar inscrito como 'Liapec-1' y registrado comercialmente como 'Pecosa-Baer'. Este nuevo cultivar presenta un hábito de crecimiento determinado arbustivo. Su floración se concentra en aproximadamente 40 días, muy por debajo de los 77 días del cv. Rumbo-Baer. Esta característica le permite llegar a cosecha sin problemas de heterogeneidad de madurez. Su grano es de color jaspeado, forma aplanada, dulce, de tamaño medio (aprox. 370 g/1000 granos) y con un alto contenido de proteína que bordea el 41% (base materia seca). En ensayos de campo 'Pecosa-Baer' presenta una buena tolerancia a las enfermedades causadas por Colletotrichum lupini y Pleiochaeta setosa . Se debe destacar la estabilidad y niveles de rendimiento de este nuevo cultivar, aún bajo condiciones de baja fertilización. En cuatro temporadas, en dos localidades se obtuvo un rendimiento promedio de 5,43 t ha-1. Para maximizar su rendimiento, 'Pecosa- Baer' debe ser sembrada entre abril y junio con una dosis de semilla de entre 140 y 160 kg ha-1. Su alto contenido proteico y bajos niveles de alcaloides en los granos permiten su inclusión en la dieta de todo tipo de animales

Treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms yesterday and now

Objective This prospective study is designed to detect changes in the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms over a period of 17 years. Methods We compared 361 treated cases of aneurysm occlusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage from 1997 to 2003 with 281 cases from 2006 to 2014. Specialists of neuroradiology and vascular neurosurgery decided over the modality assignment. We established a prospective data acquisition in both groups to detect significant differences within a follow-up time of one year. With this setting we evaluated the treatment methods over time and compared endovascular with microsurgical treatment. Results When compared to the earlier group, microsurgical treatment was less frequently chosen in the more recent collective because of neck-configuration. Endovascular treatment was chosen more frequently over time (31.9% versus 48.8%). Occurrence of initial symptomatic ischemic stroke was significantly lower in the clipping group compared to the endovascular group and remained stable over time. The number of reinterventions due to refilled treated aneurysms significantly decreased in the endovascular group at one-year follow-up, but the significantly better occlusion- and reintervention-rate of the microsurgical group persisted. The rebleeding rate in the endovascular group at one year follow-up decreased from 6.1% to 2.2% and showed no statistically significant difference to the microsurgical group, anymore (endovascular 2.2% versus microsurgical 0.0%, p = 0.11). Conclusion Microsurgical clipping still has some advantages, however endovascular treatment is improving rapidly

NEO-LIBERALISM IN CHILE AND ITS IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF QUINOA: A LESSON FOR STRENGTHENING AND DEVELOPING NEW PARTNERSHIPS

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceSince 1973 Chile started a hard neo-liberal economy. This model affected education, health care and all economic activities, including agriculture. No protection and/or planning actions ruled the country that achieved a high GDP (US$14,510/year, per capita) respect to other Latino American countries, but also a very unequal salary distribution (Gini coefficient=0.54). It also achieved a worst land property distribution (Gini coef.=0.95 in some regions). Small-scale landowners received limited financial aid, they sold lands mainly re-oriented to monocultures for exportation markets. Farmers became rather workers of a growing agro-industry. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) a highly nutritive crop, cultivated since the last 7 thousand years in the Andes almost disappeared during the conquest but it was transmitted by ancient Incas to Chilean cultures, people living in very different agro-ecological contexts from 18ºS (Altiplano) to 41ºS (Chiloé Island). The crop was maintained in Chile where dust roads were cut by winter rains and where city supermarkets could not establish. There quinoa became one of their staple food and it escaped free-market driven agriculture that did not promote its cultivation. The 1470 hectares of quinoa in Chile (2007) could increase as Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia do export over 54 thousands hectares under biological certification. This new modern scenario might help to reactivate the culture of this crop in Chile. But the absence of farmer's organizations might become a constraint. Crop biodiversity is poorly known and mass cultivation could further reduce it unless some knowledge/research-action of this diversity could help to create conscience of its importance

Prospective observational study on the accuracy of predictors of high-grade atrioventricular conduction block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (CONDUCT-TAVI): study protocol, background and significance

Introduction Aortic stenosis is the most common cardiac valve pathology worldwide and has a mortality rate of over 50% at 5 years if left untreated. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a minimally invasive and highly effective alternative treatment option to open-heart surgery. High-grade atrioventricular conduction block (HGAVB) is one of the most common complications after TAVI and requires a permanent pacemaker. Due to this, patients are typically monitored for 48 hours post TAVI, however up to 40% of HGAVB may delayed, and occur after discharge. Delayed HGAVB can cause syncope or sudden unexplained cardiac death in a vulnerable population, and no accurate methods currently exist to identify patients at risk.Methods and analysis The prospective observational study on the accuracy of predictors of high-grade atrioventricular conduction block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (CONDUCT-TAVI) trial is an Australian-led, multicentre, prospective observational study, aiming to improve the prediction of HGAVB, after TAVI. The primary objective of the trial is to assess whether published and novel invasive electrophysiology predictors performed immediately before and after TAVI can help predict HGAVB after TAVI. The secondary objective aims to further evaluate the accuracy of previously published predictors of HGAVB after TAVI, including CT measurements, 12-lead ECG, valve characteristics, percentage oversizing and implantation depth. Follow-up will be for 2 years, and detailed continuous heart rhythm monitoring will be obtained by inserting an implantable loop recorder in all participants.Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval has been obtained for the two participating centres. Results of the study will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration number ACTRN12621001700820