"Start with the end in mind" En gjennomgang av potensialet i grensesnittet mellom VDC i prosjektering og LPS i produksjon.

Since the emergence of Lean and later Lean Construction, several new tools and methodologies have been introduced to operationalize mindsets and adapt it to project-based production. Despite a desire to increase project-based management in several stages, the construction industry is still embossed in terms of productivity, lack of resources and profitability. Therefore, a qualitative literature search and qualitative interviews have been carried out in this master's thesis. The thesis investigates how a better process within project management, based on Lean Construction, can contribute to a greater understanding of tools and techniques. It is even more important how this way of thinking is communicated further and used in the interdisciplinary interaction to have a more fluid collaboration between design and production to disseminate knowledge and experiences further. Based on this, an attempt has been made to answer the research question: How is the potential for improvement for Skanska in the interface between VDC in design and LPS in production. Further, a qualitative analysis of both the literature search and the interviews has been performed. The thesis concludes that some of the understanding of why Lean Construction initially was explicitly developed for project-based production, which the VDC and LPS mindsets are based on, can be seen from the thesis findings not be adequately incorporated into the entire project group. As a result of a lack of interoperability, factors such as distrust of the methodology can lead to a lack of cooperation and a crack in communication. Therefore, the potential for improvement can be seen as a complete implementation of VDC and LPS throughout the organization. There must also be a strong will for improvement and change to realize goals such as increased productivity and reduction of waste in both design and production. It can also be seen as a potential to use greater resources earlier in the design phase to improve the entire process from input to output to achieve consistent value creation

"Start with the end in mind" En gjennomgang av potensialet i grensesnittet mellom VDC i prosjektering og LPS i produksjon.

Since the emergence of Lean and later Lean Construction, several new tools and methodologies have been introduced to operationalize mindsets and adapt it to project-based production. Despite a desire to increase project-based management in several stages, the construction industry is still embossed in terms of productivity, lack of resources and profitability. Therefore, a qualitative literature search and qualitative interviews have been carried out in this master's thesis. The thesis investigates how a better process within project management, based on Lean Construction, can contribute to a greater understanding of tools and techniques. It is even more important how this way of thinking is communicated further and used in the interdisciplinary interaction to have a more fluid collaboration between design and production to disseminate knowledge and experiences further. Based on this, an attempt has been made to answer the research question: How is the potential for improvement for Skanska in the interface between VDC in design and LPS in production. Further, a qualitative analysis of both the literature search and the interviews has been performed. The thesis concludes that some of the understanding of why Lean Construction initially was explicitly developed for project-based production, which the VDC and LPS mindsets are based on, can be seen from the thesis findings not be adequately incorporated into the entire project group. As a result of a lack of interoperability, factors such as distrust of the methodology can lead to a lack of cooperation and a crack in communication. Therefore, the potential for improvement can be seen as a complete implementation of VDC and LPS throughout the organization. There must also be a strong will for improvement and change to realize goals such as increased productivity and reduction of waste in both design and production. It can also be seen as a potential to use greater resources earlier in the design phase to improve the entire process from input to output to achieve consistent value creation

Higher vitamin B12 levels in neurodevelopmental disorders than in healthy controls and schizophrenia: A comparison among participants between 2 and 53 years

Author´s accepted manuscript.This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Hope, S., Nærland, T., Høyland, A. L., Torske, T., Malt, E., Abrahamsen, T. G., Nerhus, M., Wedervang-Resell, K., Lonning, V. L. H., Johannessen, J., Steen, N. E., Agartz, I., Stenberg, N., Hundhausen, T. E., Mørkrid, L. & Andreassen, O. A. (2020). Higher vitamin B12 levels in neurodevelopmental disorders than in healthy controls and schizophrenia : A comparison among participants between 2 and 53 years. The FASEB Journal, 34(6), 8114-8124, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201900855RRR. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.Recent studies suggest that both high and low levels of vitamin B12 (vitB12) may have negative health impacts. We measured VitB12 in patients with the Neurodevelopmental disorders (ND) (n = 222), comprised of Autism Spectrum Disorders, specific Developmental disorders, and Intellectual Disability (aged 2-53 years), schizophrenia (n = 401), and healthy controls (HC) (n = 483). Age-and gender-adjusted vitB12 z-scores were calculated by comparisons with a reference population (n = 76 148). We found higher vitB12 in ND (median 420 pmol/L, mean z-score: 0.30) than in HC (316 pmol/L, z-score: 0.06, P < .01) and schizophrenia (306 pmol/L, z-score: −0.02, P < .001), which was significant after adjusting for age, gender, vitB12 supplement, folate, hemoglobin, leukocytes, liver, and kidney function (P < .02). In ND, 20% (n = 44) had vitB12 above 650 pmol/L, and 1% (n = 3) had below 150 pmol/L (common reference limits). In 6.3% (n = 14) of ND, vitB12 was above 2SD of mean in the age-and gender-adjusted reference population, which was more frequent than in HC (n = 8, 1.6%), OR: 4.0, P = .001. Low vitB12 was equally frequent as in HC, and vitB12 z-scores were equal across the age groups. To conclude, vitB12 was higher in ND than in HC and schizophrenia, suggesting a specific feature of ND, which warrants further studies to investigate the underlying mechanisms.acceptedVersio

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

BARCODE DEKODET : En diskursanalyse av byutviklingsdebatten om utbyggingsprosjektet Barcode i Bjørvika

Denne oppgaven handler om "byutviklingsdebatten om Barcode". Utbyggingsprosjektet Barcode ble kåret til vinner av en arkitektkonkurranse for fire tomter i Bjørvika våren 2003. Disse tomtene ligger like sør for sporområdet på Oslo Sentralstasjon. Da utbyggerne for tomtene, Oslo S Utvikling, kom med et nytt reguleringsforslag for området der byggehøydene økes i tråd med Barcode-prinsippet, kom det inn usedvanlig mange kritiske reaksjoner til PBE. Dette var kimen til byutviklingsdebatten om Barcode. Debatten handlet om flere ting: Hvordan ville Barcode-utbyggingen virke inn på de bakenforliggende bydeler? Hvilken rolle burde utbyggerne spille i byutviklingen? Burde det bygges i tradisjonell stil eller satses på en mer moderne høyhus-profil? I denne oppgaven undersøker jeg hvordan disse temaene konstrueres diskursivt av de aktørene som involverer seg i debatten. De ulike diskursene forstås som ulike perspektiver på byutvikling, og det er i spenningsfeltet mellom disse perspektivene at debatten oppstår. Det har vært et mål og vise dybden og kompleksiteten i debatten, og sette søkelyset på de forskjellige virkelighetsoppfatningene som finnes omkring byutvikling i denne saken. Oppgaven viser dessuten hvordan begreper som aktivt benyttes i byutviklingsdebatten er svært flertydige, og at det finnes et behov for å klargjøre og konkretisere meningsinnholdet i overordede visjoner på et tidlig stadium når det gjelder slike store byutviklingsprosjekter

"Start with the end in mind" En gjennomgang av potensialet i grensesnittet mellom VDC i prosjektering og LPS i produksjon.

Since the emergence of Lean and later Lean Construction, several new tools and methodologies have been introduced to operationalize mindsets and adapt it to project-based production. Despite a desire to increase project-based management in several stages, the construction industry is still embossed in terms of productivity, lack of resources and profitability. Therefore, a qualitative literature search and qualitative interviews have been carried out in this master's thesis. The thesis investigates how a better process within project management, based on Lean Construction, can contribute to a greater understanding of tools and techniques. It is even more important how this way of thinking is communicated further and used in the interdisciplinary interaction to have a more fluid collaboration between design and production to disseminate knowledge and experiences further. Based on this, an attempt has been made to answer the research question: How is the potential for improvement for Skanska in the interface between VDC in design and LPS in production. Further, a qualitative analysis of both the literature search and the interviews has been performed. The thesis concludes that some of the understanding of why Lean Construction initially was explicitly developed for project-based production, which the VDC and LPS mindsets are based on, can be seen from the thesis findings not be adequately incorporated into the entire project group. As a result of a lack of interoperability, factors such as distrust of the methodology can lead to a lack of cooperation and a crack in communication. Therefore, the potential for improvement can be seen as a complete implementation of VDC and LPS throughout the organization. There must also be a strong will for improvement and change to realize goals such as increased productivity and reduction of waste in both design and production. It can also be seen as a potential to use greater resources earlier in the design phase to improve the entire process from input to output to achieve consistent value creation

Utdanna skoleleiar – nye spenningar?

Føremålet med studien er å auke kunnskapen om den norske rektorutdanninga ved å undersøkje korleis eit utval skoleleiarar beskriv kva nye spenningar dei opplever i leiarkvardagen sin etter at dei har gjennomført studiet. Gjennom analyse av fokusgruppeintervju og e-postintervju med skoleleiarar identifiserer vi tre område for spenningar. Vi beskriv desse som balanseøvingar som skoleleiarane opplever at dei må handtere i kvardagen. Den første er forventningar og nye krav, den andre er balansen mellom nærleik og distanse til lærarane, og den tredje handlar om å balansere ulike kompetansar. Det teoretiske rammeverket belyser perspektiv på leiing som individualistisk eller systemisk og korleis kopling mellom teori og praksis aukar profesjonsforståinga. Utvikling av fagspråk er eit sentralt element i dette. Ein av implikasjonane som blir løfta fram, er at rektorutdanninga bør bevisstgjere studentane på at ny kompetanse og endra forståing av leiarrolla kan gi nye spenningar.Nøkkelord: rektorutdanning, leiing, spenningarAbstractThis study aims at increasing our knowledge about the national school leadership program in Norway by investigating how school leaders describe new tensions they experience in their day-to-day practices after they have finished the program. Through analyses of focus group interviews and e-mail interviews with previous school leader students, three areas of tension are identified. These tensions are in this article described as balancing exercises. The first balancing exercise is situated between expectations and new demands, the second one is described as balancing between being close to and being distant from the teachers, and the third balancing exercise focuses on the situation where some school leaders have participated in training programs, while others have not. The theoretical framing of this investigation illuminates individualistic and systemic perspectives on school leadership and how connecting theory and practice may increase understanding of one’s own profession. The development of a professional language is central. One of the implications put forward is that the school leadership program should make the students aware of and focus on the fact that new competencies and changed understanding of the leadership role may give new school leaders new challenges.Keywords: national school leadership program, leadership, tension