Hunting and sale of Pangolins across Sub-Saharan Africa: a preliminary analysis

Pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae) are hunted and traded for their meat and scales. We conducted preliminary analyses on the hunting and sale at markets of four species of pangolin across Sub-Saharan Africa based on data from the OFFTAKE database. Our analyses show that all four species of African pangolin are hunted and sold at markets throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of pangolins as part of the total vertebrates hunted has increased significantly during the 43 years, from 1972-2014, for which we have data

Africa's large aquatic animals are being hunted and traded: we assessed the scale

First paragraph: Across most of the world, and particularly in the tropics and subtropics, large wild aquatic animals – such as manatees, turtles and dolphins – are being hunted and traded. This is not a new phenomenon. Aquatic animal meat has been eaten, and sometimes used as remedies or in traditional ceremonies, throughout history.https://theconversation.com/africas-large-aquatic-animals-are-being-hunted-and-traded-we-assessed-the-scale-17997

Africa's large aquatic animals are being hunted and traded: we assessed the scale

First paragraph: Across most of the world, and particularly in the tropics and subtropics, large wild aquatic animals – such as manatees, turtles and dolphins – are being hunted and traded. This is not a new phenomenon. Aquatic animal meat has been eaten, and sometimes used as remedies or in traditional ceremonies, throughout history

P4_2 Tidal forces in the solar system

This article investigates the tidal accelerations exerted by planets on orbiting moons. The tidal acceleration was calculated, in terms of the acceleration due to gravity at the planet's surface, for several planetary systems in the solar system. A plot was created which showed that for most planetary systems, the tidal acceleration varied inversely as the cube of the semi-major axis, as theory predicted for the Earth and Moon

P4_3 Shrinking the Earth

This article investigates the energy requirements to compress the Earth to within 1 km. This was done using a model assuming the compression to be elastic, and another model estimating the energy to overcome the Coulomb repulsion between the constituent protons. The energies found were 3.1x1032 J and 8.3x1038 J for each model respectively. It was also shown that to compress the Earth to within 1125 km you would have to overcome electron and neutron degeneracy pressure, and if compressed to a radius of 9 mm, the Earth would be a black hole.

Pulmonary vascular resistance after cardiopulmonary bypass in infants: Effect on postoperative recovery

AbstractObjective: We sought to define the contemporary clinical effect of increased pulmonary vascular resistance in infants after congenital heart operations with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Fifteen infants (median age, 0.31 years; median weight, 5.1 kg) underwent cardiac operations involving cardiopulmonary bypass (range, 49-147 minutes). Pulmonary vascular resistance was measured in the immediate postoperative period in the intensive care unit by means of the direct Fick principle, with respiratory mass spectrometry to measure oxygen consumption. The effect of ventilation with an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.65, with additional infusion of L -arginine, substance P, and inhaled nitric oxide, was assessed and subsequently correlated with the length of mechanical ventilation from the end of cardiopulmonary bypass to successful extubation. Results: Overall, pulmonary vascular resistance at baseline (11.7 ± 5.6 WU · m2) could be reduced to a minimum of 6.1 ± 3.5 WU · m2. The ventilatory time was 0.86 to 14.9 days (median, 1.75 days) and correlated directly with the lowest pulmonary vascular resistance value achieved during the pulmonary vascular resistance study (r 2 = 0.64, P <.01). The patient subgroup with mechanical ventilation of greater than 2 days had significantly higher pulmonary vascular resistance at all stages of the study protocol, and in this group there was a correlation of cardiopulmonary bypass time and ventilatory support time (r 2 = 0.48, P <.05). Conclusion: Increased pulmonary vascular resistance, either directly or as a surrogate of the systemic inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass, continues to have a significant effect on postoperative recovery of infants after cardiac operations. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:1033-9

Effectiveness of stratospheric solar-radiation management as a function of climate sensitivity

If implementation of proposals to engineer the climate through solar-radiation management (SRM) ever occurs, it is likely to be contingent on climate sensitivity. However, modelling studies examining the effectiveness of SRM as a strategy to offset anthropogenic climate change have used only the standard parameterizations of atmosphere–ocean general circulation models that yield climate sensitivities close to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project mean. Here, we use a perturbed-physics ensemble modelling experiment to examine how the response of the climate to SRM implemented in the stratosphere (SRM-S) varies under different greenhouse-gas climate sensitivities. When SRM-S is used to compensate for rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, its effectiveness in stabilizing regional climates diminishes with increasing climate sensitivity. However, the potential of SRM-S to slow down unmitigated climate change, even regionally, increases with climate sensitivity. On average, in variants of the model with higher sensitivity, SRM-S reduces regional rates of temperature change by more than 90% and rates of precipitation change by more than 50%.Engineering and Applied Science

Multiple motor memories are learned to control different points on a tool.

Skillful object manipulation requires learning the dynamics of objects, linking applied force to motion 1 ,2 . This involves the formation of a motor memory 3 ,4 , which has been assumed to be associated with the object, independent of the point on the object that one chooses to control. Importantly, in manipulation tasks, different control points on an object, such as the rim of a cup when drinking or its base when setting it down, can be associated with distinct dynamics. Here we show that opposing dynamic perturbations, which interfere when controlling a single location on an object, can be learned when each is associated with a separate control point. This demonstrates that motor memory formation is linked to control points on the object, rather than the object per se . We also show that the motor system only generates separate memories for different control points if they are linked to different dynamics, allowing efficient use of motor memory. To account for these results, we develop a normative switching state-space model of motor learning, in which the association between cues (control points) and contexts (dynamics) is learned rather than fixed. Our findings uncover an important mechanism through which the motor system generates flexible and dexterous behavior

Motor memories of object dynamics are categorically organized.

The ability to predict the dynamics of objects, linking applied force to motion, underlies our capacity to perform many of the tasks we carry out on a daily basis. Thus, a fundamental question is how the dynamics of the myriad objects we interact with are organized in memory. Using a custom-built three-dimensional robotic interface that allowed us to simulate objects of varying appearance and weight, we examined how participants learned the weights of sets of objects that they repeatedly lifted. We find strong support for the novel hypothesis that motor memories of object dynamics are organized categorically, in terms of families, based on covariation in their visual and mechanical properties. A striking prediction of this hypothesis, supported by our findings and not predicted by standard associative map models, is that outlier objects with weights that deviate from the family-predicted weight will never be learned despite causing repeated lifting errors