Species separation and modification of neutron diagnostics in inertial-confinement fusion

The different behaviours of deuterium (D) and tritium (T) in the hot spot of marginally-igniting cryogenic DT inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) targets are investigated with an ion Fokker-Planck model. With respect to an equivalent single-species model, a higher density and a higher temperature are found for T in the stagnation phase of the target implosion. In addition, the stagnating hot spot is found to be less dense but hotter than in the single-species case. As a result, the fusion reaction yield in the hot spot is significantly increased. Fusion neutron diagnostics of the implosion find a larger ion temperature as deduced from DT reactions than from DD reactions, in good agreement with NIF experimental results. ICF target designs should thus definitely take ion-kinetic effects into account

2-Amino-4-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile

In the title compound, C17H14ClN5, two C atoms and their attached H atoms of the pyrrolidine ring are disordered over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.638 (10):0.362 (10). The benzene and pyridine rings are inclined to one another by 60.57 (8)°. In the crystal, the amino group forms an N—H⋯N hydrogen bond with one of the cyano groups, linking the mol­ecules into chains along [010]

rac-Diethyl 5-oxo-2-[(2,4,4-trimethyl­pentan-2-yl)amino]-4,5-dihydro­pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3,4-dicarboxyl­ate

The title compound, C26H33NO7, comprises a racemic mixture of asymmetric mol­ecules containing one stereogenic centre. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the fused pyran ring and the coumarin ring system is 8.12 (14)°. The mol­ecular structure features a short N—H⋯O contact, which generates an S(6) ring motif. The crystal packing are stabilized by C—H⋯O inter­actions

Les images bibliques de Rome dans les textes juifs et chrétiens. Les Kittim, Babylone, Tyr et Ésaü-Édom

Du iie siècle avant notre ère au ive siècle de notre ère, les Juifs ont décrit et compris Rome à travers les images bibliques des Kittim, de Babylone, de Tyr et d’Ésaü – Édom. Ce dernier thème devint prépondérant chez les Juifs rabbiniques, alors que les chrétiens des ier-ve siècles privilégièrent le parallèle avec Babylone. Cependant, le thème d’Ésaü – Édom est attesté chez deux auteurs chrétiens en contact avec des Juifs rabbiniques. On trouve les Romains comme fils d’Ésaü en 337 chez Aphraate, qui vivait en Mésopotamie sassanide. Et Jérôme, installé à Bethléem à la fin du ive siècle, signale, pour la rejeter, la théorie juive de l’identification des Romains à Édom dans ses commentaires exégétiques. Les sources chrétiennes peuvent ainsi aider à préciser les datations des textes rabbiniques.Between the 2nd century BCE and the 4th century CE, Jews have described and understood Rome through the following biblical categories: the Kittim, Babylon, Tyre and Esau – Edom. The theme of Esau – Edom became predominant in rabbinic literature, whereas from the 1st to the 5th century, Christians tended to favour the parallel with Babylon. However, the theme of Esau – Edom does appear in the works of two Christian authors who were in touch with rabbinic Jews. The Romans are described as sons of Esau by Aphrahat, who lived in Sassanian Mesopotamia, as early as 337. Later on, Jerome, who lived in Bethleem at the end of the 4th century, mentions (and rejects) the Jewish identification of the Romans with Edom in some of his exegetical commentaries. Christian sources may therefore help to date the rabbinic tradition concerning the identification of Rome with Esau – Edom more precisely

Les images bibliques de Rome dans les textes juifs et chrétiens. Les Kittim, Babylone, Tyr et Ésaü-Édom

Du iie siècle avant notre ère au ive siècle de notre ère, les Juifs ont décrit et compris Rome à travers les images bibliques des Kittim, de Babylone, de Tyr et d’Ésaü – Édom. Ce dernier thème devint prépondérant chez les Juifs rabbiniques, alors que les chrétiens des ier-ve siècles privilégièrent le parallèle avec Babylone. Cependant, le thème d’Ésaü – Édom est attesté chez deux auteurs chrétiens en contact avec des Juifs rabbiniques. On trouve les Romains comme fils d’Ésaü en 337 chez Aphraate, qui vivait en Mésopotamie sassanide. Et Jérôme, installé à Bethléem à la fin du ive siècle, signale, pour la rejeter, la théorie juive de l’identification des Romains à Édom dans ses commentaires exégétiques. Les sources chrétiennes peuvent ainsi aider à préciser les datations des textes rabbiniques.Between the 2nd century BCE and the 4th century CE, Jews have described and understood Rome through the following biblical categories: the Kittim, Babylon, Tyre and Esau – Edom. The theme of Esau – Edom became predominant in rabbinic literature, whereas from the 1st to the 5th century, Christians tended to favour the parallel with Babylon. However, the theme of Esau – Edom does appear in the works of two Christian authors who were in touch with rabbinic Jews. The Romans are described as sons of Esau by Aphrahat, who lived in Sassanian Mesopotamia, as early as 337. Later on, Jerome, who lived in Bethleem at the end of the 4th century, mentions (and rejects) the Jewish identification of the Romans with Edom in some of his exegetical commentaries. Christian sources may therefore help to date the rabbinic tradition concerning the identification of Rome with Esau – Edom more precisely

Recherche et représentation de communautés dans des grands graphes

15 pagesNational audienceThis paper deals with the analysis and the visualization of large graphs. Our interest in such a subject-matter is related to the fact that graphs are convenient widespread data structures. Indeed, this type of data can be encountered in a growing number of concrete problems: Web, information retrieval, social networks, biological interaction networks... Furthermore, the size of these graphs becomes increasingly large as the progression of the means for data gathering and storage steadily strengthens. This calls for new methods in graph analysis and visualization which are now important and dynamic research fields at the interface of many disciplines such as mathematics, statistics, computer science and sociology. In this paper, we propose a method for graphs representation and visualization based on a prior clustering of the vertices. Newman and Girvan (2004) points out that “reducing [the] level of complexity [of a network] to one that can be interpreted readily by the human eye, will be invaluable in helping us to understand the large-scale structure of these new network data”: we rely on this assumption to use a priori a clustering of the vertices as a preliminary step for simplifying the representation of the graphs - as a whole. The clustering phase consists in optimizing a quality measure specifically suitable for the research of dense groups in graphs. This quality measure is the modularity and expresses the “distance” to a null model in which the graph edges do not depend on the clustering. The modularity has shown its relevance in solving the problem of uncovering dense groups in a graph. Optimization of the modularity is done through a stochastic simulated annealing algorithm. The visualization/representation phase, as such, is based on a force-directed algorithm described in Truong et al. (2007). After giving a short introduction to the problem and detailing the vertices clustering and representation algorithms, the paper will introduce and discuss two applications from the social network field

The effect of shear stress reduction on endothelial cells : a microfluidic study of the actin cytoskeleton

Reduced blood flow, as occurring in ischemia or resulting from exposure to microgravity such as encountered in space flights, induces a decrease in the level of shear stress sensed by endothelial cells forming the inner part of blood vessels. In the present study, we use a microvasculature-on-a-chip device in order to investigate in vitro the effect of such a reduction in shear stress on shear-adapted endothelial cells. We find that, within 1 h of exposition to reduced wall shear stress, human umbilical vein endothelial cells undergo reorganization of their actin skeleton with a decrease in the number of stress fibers and actin being recruited into the cells' peripheral band, indicating a fairly fast change in the cells' phenotype due to altered flow