The Household knights of Edward I.

The royal household lay at the heart of the king's army in the late thirteenth century. The military importance of the knights attached to Edward's household has been examined by M.0 Prestwich. Although Prestwich acknowledged that the knights did serve in other areas of royal government no systematic study of their role has been attempted. Based on an examination of the surviving wardrobe accounts and other documents the role of the household knights in many areas of royal government in England and Edward's other dominions has been assessed. The part they played in newly or partially conquered territories of Wales and Scotland has also been considered. The knights attached to Edward's familia were employed as sheriffs, justices, constables of castles and diplomats and councillors. However the proportion of knights who served in these areas remained small. The knights were appointed With any regularity only to posts which demanded a combination of military and administrative skills. A large number held royal offices in Scotland and Wales. However, there were a small number of knights hose skills as diplomats and councillors were clearly of more importance to the king than military prowess. This inner circle of knights were probably the forerunners of the chamber knights of the fourteenth century. The rewards received by the knights in return for their services have also been considered in great detail. The knights were rewarded in accordance with their status and length of service within the household. The major grants of lands, wardships and offices went to a fairly small group of men. The others received more minor gifts of grants of timber and animals. Edward was not a king who was renowned for his generosity. However, the loyalty of the knights to their master suggests that the rewards they received were adequate

The Effects of Pineapple Residue ("Trash") on N Mineralization and Early Growth of Pineapple

Although limited studies by the Pineapple Research Institute of Hawaii indicated that mineralized Nin the soil during a 3-year pineapple cycle represented a significant amount of available N to the crop, the effects of crop residue management on available N in pineapple soils have not been clearly determined. The studies presented here were undertaken to evaluate the effects of incorporated pineapple plant residue on soil N mineralization and on early growth of pineapple with different applications of NH4N03. Soil N mineralization during incubation in the laboratory was studied for four different pineapple soils from Central Oahu, Hawaii. The soils were incubated with and without 1.0% residue containing 1.0% N. Mineralization was linear with time between 30 to 210 days of incubation in those soils without residue treatment. After 30 days of incubation, soils treated with 1.0% residue had a deficit of 9 to 61 ppm mineral N relative to untreated soil samples. Following the initial residue-induced N immobilization period, an increased rate of mineralization compensated for the immobilized N. Pineapple was grown in the glasshouse in two experiments of identical design for 4 and 10 months. The same four soils that were used in the incubation experiment were prepared for planting with 0.0 and 1.0% residue and O and 100 ppm N applied to the soil as NH4N03. The plants were grown with and without foliar applied NH4N03. All treatments were superimposed in a complete factorial design. During the 4-month interval after planting, plant growth appeared to be more closely related to the structure, moisture-holding characteristics, and base status of the soils than to the N regime. While residue incorporation significantly reduced the amount of available soil N during this initial 4-month interval, it significantly improved the soil-plant moisture status and resulted in significant increases in plant dry weights. For plants harvested 10 months after planting, both the initial levels of soil N03-N, ranging from 15 to 105 ppm, and the amount of N applied to the soil or the leaves were major determinants of plant N uptake and plant growth. Residue incorporation reduced the final N uptake from the soil at 10 months, but by small amounts and only for soils having 105 ppm initial N03-N or 100 ppm applied soil N. There was no correlation between N uptake in the glasshouse and N mineralized in the laboratory. In both the 4- and 10-month glasshouse experiments the application of NH4N03 to the soil tended to be superior to its application to the leaves as far as plant dry weights were concerned. There was no evidence in these studies that the removal or incorporation of pineapple residue has any direct effect on the N regime during a pineapple cropping cycle in Hawaii

Make Each Face A Living Note

In performances of graphic scores, the visually interesting material is usually hidden from the view of the audience. The visual aspect of the score is only communicated via sound, so that the graphic score may as well be written in traditional musical notation or ignored completely. As someone interested in the theatrical and visual aspects of musical performance, I want this act of reading to be demonstrated to the audience directly, rather than communicated via an act of translation through music. 'Make Each Face A Living Note' is an attempt to do this. It is an outline for a situation in which musical sounds may occur

Locational Aesthetics: Squashing

I can’t write a good opening sentence. I’m not a writer. I write music instead. ‘Locational Aesthetics: Squashing’ is a transcription of a short feature recorded for broadcast on Resonance 104.4FM (https://www.resonancefm.com) as part of Drivetime Underground (http://www.drivetimeunderground.com), a “dissonant combination of the highbrow and the lowbrow”. Unfortunately this recording was never broadcast. Portions of the text were devised in collaboration with German artist Ludwig Abraham and performed by the both of us whilst playing squash in an empty museum in Marburg. The text itself is an invitation to perform, and works best if the reader focusses on the altered sounds of their voice when reading. A variation on the task could be to try reading the text whilst playing squash. According to quoteinvestigator.com, the line “talking about music is like dancing about architecture” has been attributed to many different people including: Laurie Anderson, Miles Davis, Frank Zappa, Clara Schumann, Elvis Costello, Steve Martin and Thelonious Monk. However they conclude that American comedian Martin Mull probably came up with it first. For further reading on text-as-music please follow these links: TEXT exhibition blog post from BCU http://blogs.bcu.ac.uk/parksidegallery/2016/03/11/new-musical-score-exhibition-text-encourages-people-to-think-about-music-in-a-different-way/ Text Score A Day twitter feed https://twitter.com/textscoreaday

Grandchildren of Experimental Music - Performing the Compositional Act by Creating Intriguing Situations in Which Musical Sound May Occur

This portfolio of work explores alternative methods of musical composition that question the distinction between composer and performer, presenting an integrated and interdisciplinary artistic approach that aims to engage a broader public in the production of experimental music. The seventeen pieces in the portfolio are playful outcomes of a practice that, whilst rooted in musical concerns, does not privilege the sounding result. In the accompanying commentary the heritage of experimental music and Fluxus is used as a starting point to reconsider the traditionally separate roles of composer and performer. I assert that these roles currently remain distinct and separate in contemporary practice, despite the challenge that experimental music and Fluxus posed to conventional music-making. In order to address this I reconfigure the relationships between composer, performer and listener through an interpretation of a diagram by experimental composer George Brecht, and develop a framework in which the act of composition can be performed through ‘reading’, ‘character’ and ‘playing’

Prevalence of proximal caries in adults and children at Bristol Dental Hospital and South Bristol Community Hospital

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Separation of the Exchange-Correlation Potential into Exchange plus Correlation: an Optimized Effective Potential Approach

Most approximate exchange-correlation functionals used within density functional theory are constructed as the sum of two distinct contributions for exchange and correlation. Separating the exchange component from the entire functional is useful since, for exchange, exact relations exist under uniform density scaling and spin scaling. In the past, accurate exchange-correlation potentials have been generated from essentially exact densities constructed using information from either quantum chemistry or quantum Monte Carlo calculations but they have not been correctly decomposed into their separate exchange and correlation components, except for two-electron systems. exchange and correlation components (except for two-electron systems). Using a recently proposed method, equivalent to the solution of an optimized effective potential problem with the corresponding orbitals replaced by the exact Kohn-Sham orbitals, we obtain the separation according to the density functional theory definition. We compare the results for the Ne and Be atoms with those obtained by the previously used approximate separation scheme

Book Reviews

PRACTICAL STUDENT OBSTETRICS Bende, S &amp; Tindall, VR Heinemann, 1980 pp; 435. £12.50ESSENTIALS OF DERMATOLOGY J.L. Burton, Churchill Livingstone. 1980. pp. 196. £3.95ESSENTIAL PAEDIATRICS Hull, D. &amp; Johnston, D.l. Churchill Livingstone, 1981 pp.305. £10.00PRACTICAL PROCEDURES IN CLINIC AL MEDICINE Michael J. Ford and John F. Munro Churchill Livingstone 1980 pp. 128. £4.25LECTUR E NOTES ON CLINICAL ONCOLOGY: Hancock, B.W. &amp; Bradshaw, J.D.Blackwell, 1981.pp. 176. £5.50INTRODUCING ANATOMY J.D. Lever London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. 1980.pp. 288. £7.95

Mineral phase analysis of deep-sea hydrothermal particulates by a Raman spectroscopy expert algorithm : toward autonomous in situ experimentation and exploration

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 10 (2009): Q05T05, doi:10.1029/2008GC002314.This paper demonstrates that a Raman spectroscopy, point-counting technique can be used for phase analysis of minerals commonly found in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes, even for minerals with similar chemical compositions. It also presents our robust autonomous identification algorithm and spectral database, both of which were developed specifically for deep-sea hydrothermal studies. The Raman spectroscopy expert algorithm was developed and tested against multicomponent mixtures of minerals relevant to the deep-sea hydrothermal environment. It is intended for autonomous classification where many spectra must be examined with little or no human involvement to increase analytic precision, accuracy, and data volume or to enable in situ measurements and experimentation.Support for J.A.B. was provided through a RIDGE 2000 Postdoctoral Fellowship (NSF OCE-0550331)