Physiological responses of sub1A QTL under induced dehydration stress for varying days in rice

This study analysed the rice genotype with sub1A quantitative trait loci that may interact with ongoing exposure of dehydration. cv. Swarna Sub1 had more nutrients efficiency with increased membrane permeability than cv. Swarna. sub1A QTL with its expression to water / osmotic deficit, however, indirectly to impede the oxidative stress under dehydration might help cv. Swarna Sub1. At maximum dehydration cv. Swarna Sub1 had 1.12 fold excess electrolyte leakages than cv. Swarna under dehydration. cv. Swarna Sub1 had better Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme activity to secure carbon dioxide exchange. A proportional increase in enzyme activity all through dehydration stress maximize under light in cv. Swarna Sub1. At maximum dehydration cv. Swarna Sub1 at saturating substrate concentration was increased by 1.12 fold than other cultivar. The ratio of glutathione (GSH:GSSG) more depleted in cv. Swarna Sub1 through the dehydration period. cv. Swarna could be more promising to retrieve the activity by 1.80 fold than cv. Swarna Sub1 under maximum dehydration. Dehydroascorbate reductase activity was also maintained in cv. Swarna with 1.20 fold ahead than cv. Swarna Sub1 under same condition. As a biomarker of oxidative stress cv. Swarna Sub1 appeared to be less sensitive with the loss of protein oxidation, however, recorded with 25% less carbonyl content than cv. Swarna. Both the genotypes had scored a significant sensitivity with tissue specific distribution for reactive oxygen species as detected by histochemical assay

Modalities of NADP-malic enzyme activities under light and darkness indicate its regulation with reference to C4 weed

NADP –ME is the key enzyme for decarboxylation reactions in C4 CO2 concentration pathways. So, Amaranthus viridis has been evaluated with regards to photosynthetic NADP-malic enzyme for its response under light and darkness. Illumination (1000–1200 µEm-2s-1) for 40 minutes under 2 mM bicarbonate (HCO3-) sensitivity increased activity by 1.97 & 3.77-fold over darkness under 4.0 mM and 0.01 mM malate respectively. Limiting (0.01 mM) and saturated (4.0 mM) malate concentration had significant changes in enzyme activities. The different kinetic parameters indicated had the feedback inhibition under illumination. The activity with the inducer (citrate and succinate) and inhibitor (pyruvate and oxalate) was significant with substrate concentrations. Dithiol had reduced the activity by inhibition of the diminishing effect of light activation treatment. Therefore, NADP-ME is stringently regulated by redox changes with illumination as a key factor. Moreover, the pattern of polymorphic gene expression may be supportive in molecular modulation under light/darkness. This study may support the role of NADP-ME as a biomarker for C4 weed species under oxidative stress through light/darkness

Cellular response of oxidative stress when sub1A QTL of rice receives water deficit stress

In this experiment, sub1A quantitative trait loci (sub1A QTL) of rice were evaluated for dehydration responses through different aspects of cellular responses. Through variations of dehydration exposure, rice seedlings recorded a significant increase in superoxide (O2.-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the former by 1.80 fold and the latter by 2.10 fold. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity fairly correlated with lipid peroxidation (r = 1.96). Both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) had similar IC50 values over the control at p ? 0.05. Reducing power of the extract had 1.31 fold increase. The antioxidant moieties like total phenolics and flavonoids were 1.04 and 1.23 fold upregulated under stress. On the other hand anthocyanin and glutathione (GSH) did not vary much under stress except at maximum duration of stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was initially stable but maximized at 8 days by 1.30 fold increase. On the contrary, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) was seen to be downregulated by 40.94% all through the days of stress. Catalase (CAT) activity followed a similar trend, but was not significant as compared to control

A Protective Role of Arecoline Hydrobromide in Experimentally Induced Male Diabetic Rats

Objectives. Arecoline, the most potent and abundant alkaloid of betel nut, causes elevation of serum testosterone and androgen receptor expression in rat prostate, in addition to increase in serum insulin levels in rats, leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes-like conditions. This study investigated the role of arecoline on the reproductive status of experimentally induced type 1 diabetic rats. Methods. Changes in the cellular architecture were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Blood glucose, serum insulin, testosterone, FSH, and LH were assayed. Fructose content of the coagulating gland and sialic acid content of the seminal vesicles were also analyzed. Results. Arecoline treatment for 10 days at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight markedly facilitated β-cell regeneration and reversed testicular and sex accessory dysfunctions by increasing the levels of serum insulin and gonadotropins in type 1 diabetic rats. Critical genes related to β-cell regeneration, such as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (pdx-1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2), were found to be activated by arecoline at the protein level. Conclusion. It can thus be suggested that arecoline is effective in ameliorating the detrimental effects caused by insulin deficiency on gonadal and male sex accessories in rats with type 1 diabetes

Incidence, risk factors, clinico-microbiological profile, change in ventilator settings needed and outcome of 135 ventilator associated pneumonia cases in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary care centre in Eastern India

Introduction: Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common nosocomial infection diagnosed in mechanically ventilated patients with incidence of 20-36%, mainly caused by Gram-negative organisms in our country. Decrease in PaO2/FIO2 (arterial oxygen tension/fractional inspired oxygen) is an early marker of VAP. Impaired consciousness, re-intubation and continuous sedation are the most important risk factors of VAP. We aimed to study the incidence, risk factors, clinico-microbiological profile, change in ventilator settings needed and outcome of VAP in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary care centre in Eastern India. Methods: This retrospective, observational study was conducted from January 2015 to June 2017, including 300 patients. We diagnosed VAP using Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria and analysed the data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®) version 20.0. Results: Incidence of VAP was 45%, with higher incidence in infants with prolonged ventilation, use of continuous sedation and H2 blockers, re-intubation, presence of genetic syndromes and impaired consciousness. Gram-negative organisms (94%) (P. aeruginosa [45.93%], K. pneumoniae [25.18%], E. coli [14.81%], Acinetobacter spp. [8.14%]) outnumbered Gram-positive organisms (6%) (S. aureus [2.96%], Enterococcus spp. [2.22%] and S. pneumoniae [0.7%]). Resistance to common antibiotics was found in many cases. Multivariate analysis identified nasogastric tube feeding (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.88; 95% CI = 0.8-2.3), use of H2-blockers (adjusted OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 0.51-4.5), use of continuous sedation (adjusted OR = 2.779; 95% CI = 0.7-4.9), re-intubation (adjusted OR = 4.861; 95% CI = 1.6-17.8) and duration of ventilation > 1 week (adjusted OR = 5; 95% CI = 0.7-6.3) as the risk factors for VAP. Purulent tracheal secretions (p < 0.0001), positive tracheal aspirate culture (p < 0.0001) and a suggestive chest radiograph (p < 0.0001) were the strongest predictors of development of VAP. The PaO2/FIO2 ratio was lower in the VAP group in all the three points of comparison but was not significant. The tidal volumes, peak and mean pressures, positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) and FIO2 were higher in VAP patients both on days 3 and 5 of ventilation as compared to non-VAP patients but the differences were not statistically significant. Duration of PICU stay (16.5 ± 10.1 days) and mortality (53.3%) was higher in VAP patients compared to non-VAP patients (11.5 ± 9.2 days and 40.6%). Conclusion: Identifying and minimizing the risk factors and proper choice of antibiotics as per sensitivity would improve outcome. Characteristics and parameters of mechanical ventilation were not influenced by the development of VAP. The variables of ventilation would not be sensitive for diagnosing VAP and clinical, radiological and microbiological criteria remain the tools for diagnosing VAP

Differential Impact of Nitric Oxide and Abscisic Acid on the Cellular and Physiological Functioning of sub1A QTL Bearing Rice Genotype under Salt Stress

Hydroponic culture containing 200 mM NaCl was used to induce oxidative stress in seedlings of cultivars initially primed with 1 mM SNP and 10 &micro;M ABA. Exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP &ndash; a nitric oxide donor) and abscisic acid (ABA) was well sensitized more in cv. Swarna Sub1 than cv. Swarna and also reflected in different cellular responses. The major effects of salinity, irrespective of the cultivar, were lowering the water relation, including relative water content and osmotic potential, and decreasing the compatible solutes like alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine betaine. The accumulated polyamines were reduced more in cv. Swarna with a concomitant decrease in photosynthetic reserves. NADP-malic enzyme activity, sucrose accumulation, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase activities gradually declined under NaCl stress and the catabolizing enzymes like invertase (both wall and cytosolic forms) also declined. On the contrary, plants suffered from oxidative stress through superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and their biosynthetic enzymes like NADP(H) oxidase. Moderation of Na+/K+ by both SNP and ABA were correlated with other salt sensitivities in the plants. The maximum effects of SNP and ABA were found in the recovery of antioxidation pathways, osmotic tolerance, and carbohydrate metabolism. Findings predict the efficacy of SNP and ABA either independently or cumulatively in overcoming NaCl toxicity in rice

Differential Impact of Nitric Oxide and Abscisic Acid on the Cellular and Physiological Functioning of <i>sub1A</i> QTL Bearing Rice Genotype under Salt Stress

Hydroponic culture containing 200 mM NaCl was used to induce oxidative stress in seedlings of cultivars initially primed with 1 mM SNP and 10 µM ABA. Exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP – a nitric oxide donor) and abscisic acid (ABA) was well sensitized more in cv. Swarna Sub1 than cv. Swarna and also reflected in different cellular responses. The major effects of salinity, irrespective of the cultivar, were lowering the water relation, including relative water content and osmotic potential, and decreasing the compatible solutes like alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine betaine. The accumulated polyamines were reduced more in cv. Swarna with a concomitant decrease in photosynthetic reserves. NADP-malic enzyme activity, sucrose accumulation, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase activities gradually declined under NaCl stress and the catabolizing enzymes like invertase (both wall and cytosolic forms) also declined. On the contrary, plants suffered from oxidative stress through superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and their biosynthetic enzymes like NADP(H) oxidase. Moderation of Na+/K+ by both SNP and ABA were correlated with other salt sensitivities in the plants. The maximum effects of SNP and ABA were found in the recovery of antioxidation pathways, osmotic tolerance, and carbohydrate metabolism. Findings predict the efficacy of SNP and ABA either independently or cumulatively in overcoming NaCl toxicity in rice

Photoactivated TiO₂ Nanocomposite Delays the Postharvest Ripening Phenomenon through Ethylene Metabolism and Related Physiological Changes in <i>Capsicum</i> Fruit

Capsicum is one of the most perishable fruit which undergo rapid loss of commercial value during postharvest storage. In this experiment our aim is to evaluate the effect of photoactivated TiO2 nano-particle complexed with chitosan or TiO2-nanocomposite (TiO2-NC) on extension self-life of Capsicum fruit and its effect on related morphological, physiological and molecular attributes at room temperature (25 °C). Initially, TiO2-NC coated fruits recorded superior maintenance of total soluble solids accumulation along with retention of firmness, cellular integrity, hydration, color etc. On the extended period of storage, fruit recorded a lower bioaccumulation of TiO2 in comparison to metallic silver over the control. On the level of gene expression for ethylene biosynthetic and signaling the TiO2-NC had more regulation, however, discretely to moderate the ripening. Thus, ACC synthase and oxidase recorded a significantly better downregulation as studied from fruit pulp under TiO2-NC than silver. On the signaling path, the transcripts for CaETR1 and CaETR2 were less abundant in fruit under both the treatment when studied against control for 7 d. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also correlated to retard the oxidative lysis of polyamine oxidation by diamine and polyamine oxidase activity. The gene expression for hydrolytic activity as non-specific esterase had corroborated the development of essential oil constituents with few of those recorded in significant abundance. Therefore, TiO2-NC would be reliable to induce those metabolites modulating ripening behavior in favor of delayed ripening. From gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis profile of all tested essential oil constituents suggesting positive impact of TiO2-NC on shelf-life extension of Capsicum fruit. Our results indicated the potentiality of TiO2-NC in postharvest storage those may connect ethylene signaling and ROS metabolism in suppression of specific ripening attributes