Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Carboxylic Acid Functionalized Polyisobutylene

Polyisobutylene (PIB) and its copolymers are used in a wide range of commercial products owing to their high chemical stability, impermeability, elasticity, and biocompatibility. In this thesis, linear and arborescent PIB containing small percentages of isoprene (IP) were functionalized to provide different derivatives and their physical and biological properties were studied

Nanoscience and Nano-Technology: Cracking Prodigal Farming

Nano-science coupled with nano-technology has emerged as possible cost-cutting measure to prodigal farming and environmental clean-up operations. It has ushered as a new interdisciplinary field by converging various science disciplines, and is highly relevant to agricultural and food systems. Environmental Protection Agency of USA defined nanotechnology as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1-100 nm, where unique physical properties make novel applications possible. By this definition all soil-clays, many chemicals derived from soil organic matter (SOM), several soil microorganisms fall into this category. Apart from native soil-materials, many new nanotech products are entering into soil system, some of which are used for agricultural production and some others for many other purposes.

Nano-science (also nanotechnology) has found applications in controlling release of nitrogen, characterization of soil minerals, studies of weathering of soil minerals and soil development, micro-morphology of soils, nature of soil rhizosphere, nutrient ion transport in soil-plant system, emission of dusts and aerosols from agricultural soil and their nature, zeoponics, and precision water farming. In its stride, nanotechnology converges soil mineralogy with imaging techniques, artificial intelligence, and encompass bio molecules and polymers with microscopic atoms and molecules, and macroscopic properties (thermodynamics) with microscopic properties (kinetics, wave theory, uncertainty principles, etc.), to name a few. 

Some of the examples include clinoloptolite and other zeolite based substrates, and Fe-, Mn-, and Cu- substituted synthetic hydroxyapatites that have made it possible to grow crops in space stations and at Antarctica. This has eliminated costs of repeated launching of space crafts. A disturbing fact is that the fertilizer use efficiency is 20-50 percent for nitrogen, and 10-25 percent for phosphorus (<1% for rock phosphate in alkaline calcareous soils). With nano-fertilizers emerging as alternatives to conventional fertilizers, build ups of nutrients in soils and thereby eutrophication and drinking water contamination may be eliminated. In fact, nano-technology has opened up new opportunities to improve nutrient use efficiency and minimize costs of environmental protection. It has helped to divulge to recent findings that plant roots and microorganisms can directly lift nutrient ions from solid phase of minerals (that includes so-called susceptible (i.e., easily weatherable, as well as non-susceptible minerals)

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS ELECTRIC FANS

The study of consumer behaviour develops great interest for consumers, students, scientists, and marketers. As consumers, we need insights into our own consumption related decisions: what we buy, why we buy, and how we buy. The aim of the study is to cover entire research about consumer behaviour towards electric fans and different factors affecting their buying decision. A sample of 200 consumers of electric fans is taken. Questionnaire has been analysed with the help of pie diagram & bar chart and different interpretations have been made to study the impact of consumer behaviour towards electric fans. This study concluded that the brand whose after Sales Service is more satisfactory get the positive response from customers. Price is the most important attribute which attracts consumer towards particular bran

Improving the Mechanical Performance of 3D Printed Parts Using Fused Filament Fabrication

The 3D printing industry has seen rapid growth in the last 10 years and has been called the next industrial revolution. There are several different processes used in 3D printing, but the most popular process is called Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) or Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). This is the process where (most commonly) plastic filament enters a nozzle, is heated to a semi-liquid state, and then deposited into a pattern to create a print. One major drawback to this process is that the prints are anisotropic. This means that the strength of the print varies with the orientation that it was created. This project experimented to determine if a proposed post processing method would decrease the anisotropy in the FFF process. The proposed process involved using a high intensity lamp to flash the print after each layer is printed. The theory was that this would decrease the gap between deposited filaments and from research this was a proven way to make prints stronger. For this project, a Xenon Sinteron 2000 was used as the high intensity lamp and a Printrbot Simple Metal Plus was used as the 3D printer. Three experiments were done to determine if the Sinteron would be successful in reducing the gap between deposited filaments. The first experiment was done by flashing the surface of completed prints and then using a portable microscope to measure the height of the surface layer and necking between deposited filaments. The data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and the results did not conclude that the Sinteron was successful in reducing the gap. The second experiment was analyzed visually using an optical microscope and revealed that Sinteron might be able to reduce the gap on prints that are solid. The third experiment was analyzed using an optical microscope and the area of the gaps were measured using ImageJ software. The results concluded that the Sinteron was not successful in reducing the gap. The quantitative data from these experiments suggest that the proposed processing method would not be successful in reducing the anisotropy of 3D printed parts created by the FFF process. The recommendation is to investigate post processing methods such as a heat gun that would apply heat evenly across a layer

RETAILER'S PERCEPTION AND MARKETING STRATEGY TOWARDS DIFERENT BRANDS

Retail is the largest industry in the world and is controlled by few powerful businesses. A retailer is a person or business that sells goods to the public in small quantities for use and consumption rather than for resale. The aim of the study is to cover the retailer opinion about electric fans. Thorough discussions had been made with the retailers to gather information about different brand in Delhi region supplemented with the day together from the field survey and analysis is done according to response given by respondents. A survey is conducted on the 100 retailers in Delhi region covering major markets of fans like Shiva market, Bhagirath Palace etc. The study had been done with the help of structure questionnaire prepared for retailers. Every question is analysed with the help of pie chart and bar diagram followed by interpretation. The study concluded that majority of the retailers of this industry deal with multiple brands in their outlet in Delhi region but Havells is the most demanded brand. The study has also concluded that on time delivery is the key to success of a particular brand followed by after sales service according to retailers

Energy Return on Investment Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic System

The consumption of petroleum product assets on an overall premise has required an earnest look for elective vitality sources to get together the present-day request. The world likewise faces the double difficulties of petroleum derivative exhaustion and CO2 discharges plus the fundamental competitor for confronting these difficulties. However, safe and economic concepts for CCS have not been proven, nuclear suffer from high cost, radioactive waste management, fuel availability, and nuclear weapon proliferation issues, and renewable, other than hydropower, have been limited by resource limits, high cost, and intermittency problems. In any case, the later intense cost decreases in the creation of photovoltaics (PV) which makes ready for empowering sun-based innovations to end up cost focused on petroleum energy generation. The target of present work is to evaluate the capability of sun oriented solar power at Chandigarh University, which lastly built up a framework depending on the potential estimations for a picked region of 1050.1416 m2. At the end, cost estimation of SPV is determined to indicate whether it is monetarily practical or not

A Performance Evaluation of 8-Channel WDM System Using Optical Amplifiers

In This paper, we have investigated the proposed 8-channel WDM system transmitted over 100 km distance is amplified with EDFA-SOA post-amplifier configuration for different EDFA length. For different EDFA-SOA combination gives different results for different EDFAs length (5m, 10m, and 15m). The proposed EDFA-SOA post-amplifier improves the input power to the receiver subsystem. Performance of hybrid amplifiers (EDFA-SOA) has been analyzed for different EDFAs lengths by Q-factor, min BER rate, threshold, and height. Also, detail analysis of the performance of both the amplifiers combination for different lengths for a WDM network shows that EDFA-SOA amplifier combination give favorable results when EDFA length is small (5m)