TO REFER OR NOT TO REFER: WHAT SHOULD WE DO?

Referral system applications are important pieces of Health System of WHOsuggesting to developed and developing countries since decades. Starts withdefining health centers as primary, secondary and tertiary, sustained with healthstaff and patients attendance. Referral system which supplies countries to use theirhuman and economical resources, are in application in very few country because ofsome obstacles. In Turkey, it is first tried in 1960's, but because of primary healthcare was not developed enough. Also in Health Reform Program, which is started toapplied in 2003, "gradual referral system" idea is accepted theorically. In 2008November, it is tried in 4 city, after couple of months in January 2009 it iscancelled.Researches are showing that, societies most of health problems are can be solved inprimary health centers. (%80-90) Thats why,referral system, is a system supportedby people who are working in these issues, because of the reasons; using moreefficient of human and financial resources, decreasing the barriers of academicdevelopment, increasing the service quality of secondary and tertiary healthcenters. However there are obstacles against referral system, still. To pass beyondthese obstacles, referral system, the advantages, obstacles and solutions must bedefined and able to be measurable.The aim of our research is to make addition to researches about family physiciansand specialists thoughts about referral system. This search is planned asqualitative. We used a detailed questinaire form for physicians, and applied with a in-depth interview method. All of the physicians were agree that referral system isneeded. But in small details they were separating

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN TURKISH NEWSPAPERS

Newspapers are designed to be appealed by people at different cultural levels andnewspapers are very useful for health education if they are correctly used.According to data compiled by Turkish Statistical Institute in 2011, cardiovascular diseases are number one cause of death (% 39.9) in our country. Our study isdesigned to evaluate cardiovascular diseases in Turkish Newspapers in the light ofthis information.Total newspaper circulation of 33 newspapers-except sports newspapers- is4.177.135. In the ranking, first 4 newspapers are 2.188.338 daily and they constitute of 52.4 percent of total circulation. All the news about cardiovascular diseases are analyzed (n: 241) between January-June 2012.188 news items of total 214 news items (78.0%) contain protecting advices againstcardiovascular diseases. 136 (%72.3) of these advices contain "increasing physicalactivity, preventing obesity, tobacco control, avoiding climate and suddenemotional changes". Remaining 52 (27.7%) news contains nutrition suggestions(various plants, herbal tea, coffee, chocolate, reducing salt intake) and also adviseto avoid chronic fatigue, protecting drugs and electromagnetic areas.53 news items of total 241 news items (22 %) are consisted of innovations inmedicine (n: 13), newly - opened cardiovascular centers (n: 10), traditional treatment methods (n: 7), personal cardiovascular health problems of famous people (n: 18) and other sensational news such as "Betrayal causescardiomyopathy" and etc.Newspapers present scientific innovationswith popular explanationsina way public can understand. Concerned people should convey correct, sufficient and usable information on time to the press member for more valuable health education

Terminal neuron localization to the upper cortical plate is controlled by the transcription factor NEUROD2

Excitatory neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex are organized into six functional layers characterized by unique patterns of connectivity, as well as distinctive physiological and morphological properties. Cortical layers appear after a highly regulated migration process in which cells move from the deeper, proliferative zone toward the superficial layers. Importantly, defects in this radial migration process have been implicated in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diseases. Here we report that during the final stages of migration, transcription factor Neurogenic Differentiation 2 (Neurod2) contributes to terminal cellular localization within the cortical plate. In mice, in utero knockdown of Neurod2 resulted in reduced numbers of neurons localized to the uppermost region of the developing cortex, also termed the primitive cortical zone. Our ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq analyses of genes regulated by NEUROD2 in the developing cortex identified a number of key target genes with known roles in Reelin signaling, a critical regulator of neuronal migration. Our focused analysis of regulation of the Reln gene, encoding the extracellular ligand REELIN, uncovered NEUROD2 binding to conserved E-box elements in multiple introns. Furthermore, we demonstrate that knockdown of NEUROD2 in primary cortical neurons resulted in a strong increase in Reln gene expression at the mRNA level, as well as a slight upregulation at the protein level. These data reveal a new role for NEUROD2 during the late stages of neuronal migration, and our analysis of its genomic targets offers new genes with potential roles in cortical lamination.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of Unidentified Signatures According to Sending Location and Document Type

Amaç İmza, Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK) Sözlüğünde “Bir kimsenin herhangi bir belgeyi yazdığını veya onayladığını belirtmek için her zaman aynı biçimde kullandığı işaret” olarak karşılık bulmaktadır. Adli bilimlerde belge incelemelerinde genellikle imza olarak nitelendirilmeyecek, düz bir çizgi ya da gelişi güzel şekiller oluşturularak atılan imzaların kime ait olduğuna yönelik incelemelerde imzanın aidiyeti hususunda rapor düzenleme açısından zorluklarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile Adli Tıp Kurumu Fizik İhtisas Dairesine 2011 yılı içerisinde Mahkemeler ve Cumhuriyet Savcılıkları tarafından inceleme konusu belgelerdeki imza ya da imzaların kime ait olduğu hususuna yönelik verilmiş mütalaalarda, atılan imzanın aidiyeti hususunda görüş bildirilememiş imzaların irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metod Çalışma 2012 yılında, Adli Tıp Kurumu Fizik İhtisas Dairesine 2011 yılı içerisinde Mahkemeler ve Cumhuriyet Savcılıkları tarafından gönderilen (n=11.872) “dosyadaki inceleme konusu belgelerdeki imza ya da imzaların aidiyetinin tespit edilemedi” şeklinde verilmiş raporların (n=889) retrospektif olarak incelenmesi (geldiği bölge, mahkeme türü, belge türü, belgenin niteliği) ile yapılmıştır. Bulgular Belgelerin 867’sinin (%97.5) orijinal asılları, 22 tanesinin fotokopi ve karbon nüshaları üzerinden görüş bildirilmiştir. Belge türü açısından, 352’si (% 39.6) senet, 182’si (%20.5) çek, 170’i (%19.1) belge başlığı altında düzenlenmiş evrak, 98’i (%11.0) sözleşme, 31’i (%3.5) işe giriş-çıkış bildirgeleri, 25’i (%2.8) tutanak şeklinde düzenlenmiş evrak, 13’ ü ibraname, 18’i diğer ( kira kontratı, vekâletname, bordro vs.) belgelerdi. Belgelerin % 7,5’inde aidiyet saptanamamıştır. Sonuç Her türlü incelemeye rağmen aidiyeti hususunda tespit yapılamayan imzaların oluşturduğu hukuki belirsizliklerin çözümüne ve maddi-manevi kayıpların önlenmesine yönelik katkı sağlaması bakımından toplumda, sağlıklı imza atma alışkanlıklarının geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir.Aim The meaning of the signature is explained as “The mark which is always used identically by a person to indicate that he/she writes or approves any document” in the official dictionary of the Turkish Language Association (TDK). In forensic science documents investigations, it is met with difficulties in regard to preparing a report related to the investigations about the identification of signatures appended by creating a straight line or irrelevant figures that are not generally described as signature. With this study, it was aimed to scrutinize the signatures for which an opinion was not expressed about the identification of appended signatures in the considerations given by the Courts and Public Prosecution Offices regarding the identification of signature or signatures in the questioned documents in 2011 and sent to Physics Specialization Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine. Materials and Methods The study was performed with retrospective examination of the reports (the region sending the document, type of the court, type of the document, characteristic of the document) (n=889) delivered as the signature or signatures in the questioned documents were unidentified in the files (n=11.872) sent to Physics Specialization Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine by the Courts and Public Prosecution Offices in 2011. Results The opinion was expressed on original copies of 867 documents (97,5%), photocopies and carbon copies of 22 documents. Documents were as followings regarding the type of the document: 352 muniments (39,6%), 182 cheques (20,5%), 170 papers prepared as document title (19,1%), 98 contracts (11,0%), 31 statements of employment and dismissal notices (3,7%), 25 papers prepared as record (2,8%), 13 acquittances, 16 other documents (rental contract, letter of attorney, pay roll etc.). 7.5% of documents was unidentified. Conclusion To contribute to solution of judicial uncertainty created by unidentified signatures despite every type of investigation and to prevention of financial and emotional losses, it is essential to develop habits of appending accurate and reliable signatures

Elderly Deaths and Abuse Depended Murders in Juridical Autopsies Performed by the Council of Forensic Medicine Between 1996 and 2000

Elderly Deaths and Abuse Depended Murders in Juridical AutopsiesPerformed by the Council of Forensic Medicine Between 1996 and 2000&nbsp;</div

İş Kazaları ve Çalışma Gücü Kayıplarının Türkiye’deki Yasal Düzenlemeleri

Ülkemizde çalışanların, tedavi edilemeyen hastalık ve sakatlıklarla karşılaştıklarında gelişen çalışma gücü kayıp oranları çeşitli yasa ve yönetmelikler yardımıyla hesaplanmaktadır. Ancak bu yasa ve yönetmelikler çalışanın işçi veya memur olmasına göre farklı uygulamalar içermektedir. Bu çalışmada; ilerleyen yıllarla maluliyet hesaplamalarında ortaya çıkan eksiklikleri saptamak ve çalışanlar arasında hak kaybını önleyecek standardizasyon çalışmalarının gerekliliğini vurgulamak amaçlanmıştır. Ülkemizdeki maluliyet ve işgücü kaybının hesaplandığı bir yasa ve iki yönetmelik ayrı ayrı ve birbirleriyle karşılaştırılarak irdelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; ülkemizde yasalar günün koşullarına uygun ve cinsiyet farklılıkları göz önüne alınarak yeniden düzenlenmeli ve tüm çalışanlar için standartlaştırılmalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İş gücü kaybı, maluliyet, yasa

A Model in Environmental Training – The University / Elementary School / Municipality Cooperation

This study targets development of an effective training scheme model that can be implemented at elementary school level with focus on recovery and recycling of wasted papers in Turkey. For this purpose, three schools were chosen from a district within Istanbul. They were separated from one another as full intervention (FI), semi-intervention (SI) and control (C) schools. Different levels of educational activities carried out in the schools, mostly in the FI school, were directed toward being informative as regards recycling and the development of a positive attitude. Afterwards, in order to evaluate the effects of the training, paper wastes were collected in recycle bins placed at appropriate points in schools and weighed on a weekly basis. Quite a significant result was found (p = 0.0001), when the difference was calculated through the Kruskal Wallis Variance Analysis method, regarding the weekly average amount of paper in each of the three schools against per person. Furthermore, when the results were evaluated and compared as to the ones before the 2.5 months summer vacation and the ones after it, the seven measurements taken before (p = 0.001) and the eight taken afterwards (p = 0.0001), were found to have valid differences, once again, as against schools. The results show that the approach we provided to education is an effective method not only for the collection of paper wastes but also for applications in various areas of health education

Deaths of the elderly exposed to violence in Turkey

Due to the socio-cultural and demographical changes that have been taking place in Turkey, differences in types of violence are coming on the scene. The purpose of the present study is to reveal the number of violence deaths and the variation by time in the types of violence resulting in death in the elderly of ages 65 and above in Turkey. Using a retrospective (descriptive) epidemiological method, this study was carried out with 1,326 subjects of ages 65 and above among 17,015 criminal autopsies between years 1996-2001. According to the crime scene investigations, the percentage of deaths caused by firearm injuries increased to 4.0% in 2001 from 1.9% in 1994. The dispersion of the subjects according to autopsy findings were pathologically caused death (32.3%), negative autopsy (20.3%), general body trauma (20.1%) and hanging (6.3%). Changes in the rates of deaths caused by cutting/piercing tool injuries are 1.9% and 4.3%, respectively. Regulations are needed to reinforce and financially support the family, to secure humanely life standards for the elderly, and to ensure homecare to an optimum extent

Deaths of the elderly exposed to violence in Turkey.

Due to the socio-cultural and demographical changes that have been taking place in Turkey, differences in types of violence are coming on the scene. The purpose of the present study is to reveal the number of violence deaths and the variation by time in the types of violence resulting in death in the elderly of ages 65 and above in Turkey. Using a retrospective (descriptive) epidemiological method, this study was carried out with 1,326 subjects of ages 65 and above among 17,015 criminal autopsies between years 1996–2001. According to the crime scene investigations, the percentage of deaths caused by firearm injuries increased to 4.0% in 2001 from 1.9% in 1994. The dispersion of the subjects according to autopsy findings were pathologically caused death (32.3%), negative autopsy (20.3%), general body trauma (20.1%) and hanging (6.3%). Changes in the rates of deaths caused by cutting/piercing tool injuries are 1.9% and 4.3%, respectively. Regulations are needed to reinforce and financially support the family, to secure humanely life standards for the elderly, and to ensure homecare to an optimum extent