Inovasi Perencanaan Pembangunan Berbasis Ekowisata: Sebuah Kajian Pustaka Sistematis: Ecotourism-based Development Planning Innovation: A Systematic Literature Review

Tourism is an economic activity or a series of coordinated activities aiming at meeting individual needs related to leisure and movement of people. Tourism sector is well known as the sector that has the largest contribution for foreign exchange in Indonesia. Development planning itself can be said as an alternative to the government in carrying out the task of realizing a change in certain areas to be able to catch up with other regions. The application of innovation aims to develop a renewal involving several stakeholders. Ecotourism is an innovation that can be applied in promoting development planning in a real context. The purpose of this research is to find out the scientific trend about development planning ecotourism by using bibliometric analysis through the VOSviewer application. This research uses qualitative research with a literature review approach. The results consist of mapping and clustering the results of previous research in the form of image visualization media with network and density mapping. Projections of development planning by creating ecotourism-based innovations have been carried out in various parts of the world. The existence of development and its linkage with the tourism sector makes a positive impact on people's lives, especially rural communities. Limitations of this study is that only correlations on the existence of development in the tourism sector are presented

Distortion and Signal Loss in Medial Temporal Lobe

Background: The medial temporal lobe (MTL) contains subregions that are subject to severe distortion and signal loss in functional MRI. Air/tissue and bone/tissue interfaces in the vicinity of the MTL distort the local magnetic field due to differences in magnetic susceptibility. Fast image acquisition and thin slices can reduce the amount of distortion and signal loss, but at the cost of image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Methodology/Principal Findings: In this paper, we quantify the severity of distortion and signal loss in MTL subregions for three different echo planar imaging (EPI) acquisitions at 3 Tesla: a conventional moderate-resolution EPI (36363 mm), a conventional high-resolution EPI (1.561.562 mm), and a zoomed high-resolution EPI. We also demonstrate the advantage of reversing the phase encode direction to control the direction of distortion and to maximize efficacy of distortion compensation during data post-processing. With the high-resolution zoomed acquisition, distortion is not significant and signal loss is present only in the most anterior regions of the parahippocampal gyrus. Furthermore, we find that the severity of signal loss is variable across subjects, with some subjects showing negligible loss and others showing more dramatic loss. Conclusions/Significance: Although both distortion and signal loss are minimized in a zoomed field of view acquisition with thin slices, this improvement in accuracy comes at the cost of reduced SNR. We quantify this trade-off between distortion and SNR in order to provide a decision tree for design of high-resolution experiments investigating the functio

Non-Nutritive Suck Assessment Tool Development to Characterize Sucking Patterns in Infant with Various Hunger Levels

Sucking abilities are critical in early infant development, and the patterns of non-nutritive suck (NNS) have been found to potentially predict neurodevelopmental issues in the future. Proper NNS assessments are essential to ensure valid conclusions. Previous studies have shown that the level of infant arousal significantly affects NNS patterns. However, the author did not find any studies that observed the influence of infant hunger levels on NNS patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an NNS assessment tool to characterize NNS patterns in infants with various hunger levels. The NNS assessment was conducted using a pressure transducer connected to a pacifier. The results showed that the level of hunger significantly affected the intra-burst frequency and the sucking pressure. The more hungry the infant, the more frequent the intra-burst frequency became, while the sucking pressure tended to decrease. The intra-burst frequency of infant sucking was 2.3, 2.46, and 2.5 Hz on average for a relative hunger index of 0.67, 0.83, and 1.0, respectively. The NNS pressure of infant sucking was 6.31, 4.51, and 2.62 kPa on average for a relative hunger index of 0.67, 0.83, and 1.0, respectively. This study's results suggest that during NNS assessments, the measurement time should consider the next feeding schedule for the infant

Key geological characteristics of the Saida-Tyr Platform along the eastern margin of the Levant Basin, offshore Lebanon:implications for hydrocarbon exploration

More than 60 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas have been recently discovered in the Levant Basin (eastern Mediterranean region) offshore Cyprus, Egypt and Israel, Palestine. Un-explored areas, such as the Lebanese offshore, may yield additional discoveries. This contribution focuses the Saida-Tyr Platform (STP), an offshore geological feature adjacent to the southern Lebanese coastline – part of the eastern margin of the Levant Basin. First, an extensive synthesis of recent published research work, tackling crustal modeling, structural geology and stratigraphy will be presented. Then, a new local crustal model and the interpretation of seismic reflection specifically on the STP are discussed and emplaced in the context of the upcoming petroleum exploration activities in this region. Characteristic structural features form the limits of the STP which is believed to be an extension of the Arabian continent into the Levant Basin. Its westernmost limit consists of the extension of the crustal interface, previously termed “hinge zone”, where major plate-scale deformations are preferentially localized. The northward extension of this “hinge zone” beyond the STP can be mapped by means of major similar deformation structures (i.e. S-N-trending anticlines) and can be associated to the Levant Fracture System (LFS) – the northwestern border of the Arabian plate. The northern limit of the STP (i.e. the Saida Fault) is a typical E-W, presently active, structure that is inherited from an older, deeply rooted regional fault system, extending eastward throughout the Palmyra Basin. The STP is characterized by a variety of potential plays for hydrocarbon exploration. Jurassic and Cretaceous clastics and carbonates are believed to include reservoir plays, which could have been charged by deeper Mesozoic source rocks, and sealed by Upper Cretaceous marly layers. The edge of the Cretaceous carbonate platforms and potential carbonate buildups are well recognizable on seismic reflection profiles. The western and northern anticlinal structures bordering the STP are excellent targets for Oligo-Miocene biogenic gas charging systems. Based on integrating geodynamics, tectono-stratigraphic interpretations and petroleum systems analyses, such plays are well constrained and the exploration risk is therefore lowered

High efficiency, low distortion 3D diffusion tensor imaging with variable density spiral fast spin echoes (3D DW VDS RARE)

We present an acquisition and reconstruction method designed to acquire high resolution 3D fast spin echo diffusion tensor images while mitigating the major sources of artifacts in DTI-field distortions, eddy currents and motion. The resulting images, being 3D, are of high SNR, and being fast spin echoes, exhibit greatly reduced field distortions. This sequence utilizes variable density spiral acquisition gradients, which allow for the implementation of a self-navigation scheme by which both eddy current and motion artifacts are removed. The result is that high resolution 3D DTI images are produced without the need for eddy current compensating gradients or B_0 field correction. In addition, a novel method for fast and accurate reconstruction of the non-Cartesian data is employed. Results are demonstrated in the brains of normal human volunteers

Hospital-based surveillance study of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age in Lebanon

AbstractBackgroundRotavirus (RV) is a major cause of gastroenteritis (GE) in infants and young children globally, with rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) causing dehydration due to diarrhea and frequently leading to hospitalization. Epidemiological data on RVGE in Lebanon are lacking, therefore this study aims to collect such baseline data.MethodsWe conducted multicenter, hospital-based surveillance across Lebanon to estimate the proportion of diarrheal hospitalizations attributable to RV in children under 5 years of age. Medical history, GE symptoms, treatment prior to hospitalization and demographics were obtained from medical records and parent/guardian interviews. The severity of GE episodes was determined using the 20-point Vesikari scale (score ⩾11 was considered severe). Stool samples were analyzed for RV using an enzyme immunoassay and for strain prevalence using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.ResultsBetween April 2007 and September 2008, a total of 534 subjects were enrolled, of whom 491 were included in the final analysis. GE attributable to RV was 27.7% and nearly 75% of the RVGE cases occurred in children under 2 years of age. No differences were observed between the severity of signs and symptoms in RV positive and negative subjects. Hospitalization occurred mainly between December–March and lasted for a median of 3 days. Treatment primarily consisted of intravenous rehydration and almost all subjects (96.1%) had recovered by the time of discharge. Prevalent circulating G and P types were G4 (36.9%), G1WT (29.2%), P[8]WT (77.7%) and P[4] (17.7%); the most common circulating RV strain was G4P[8]WT (36.9%).ConclusionRVGE hospitalizations are prevalent in children under 5 years of age in Lebanon. This baseline data might be useful for decision makers when initiating measures, such as vaccination, to prevent the disease

Theodicy and End-of-Life Care

Acknowledgments The section on Islamic perspective is contributed by information provided by Imranali Panjwani, Tutor in Theology & Religious Studies, King's College London.Peer reviewedPublisher PD