GENDER EQUALITY AND IT’S CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ALBANIA.

This research aims to give an overview of the contribution of Gender Equality to economic growth and sustainable development of Albania. Despite the research on the studies and the actual situation, it will present a regression analyze on economic data as well. Albania is a small country with a young open economy, from 1992 Albania operates in a democratic country with an open trade. In years one of the basic goals of the state and economy of Albania has been the EU Accession and each valuable law considering this basic fact has been part of the Albanian policy. Essential for the Albanian democracy but as well for the EU integration is the Gender Equality. Impact of the Gender Equality in Economic Growth is very considerable and essential for the progress. According to the researches made from Chathan House and Vivid Economics the study considered many facts. Firstly, Gender Equality makes market more competitive, as well as it increases investments in physical capital, also it has an impact on the macroeconomic stability. Opposite to that the gender inequality reduces agricultural productivity etc. Over the past three years and more in Albania have been operating many projects and initiatives from the UN Women in order to promote and implement equality in Albania within men and women. A significant effort has been given in the strengthening of laws in promotion of gender equality, basically can be mentioned; law of 2004 on “Gender Equality”, law of 2006 on “National Violence” and law of 2008 on “Gender Equality in Society” etc. As previously mentioned this paper will give a picture of the Gender Equality situation in Albania in the moment and what has been done from the first forward actions. One of the basic principles of the equality is being equal in the work value, payment, trainings etc, that’s why a factor highlighting this equality is the increase of the women employment compared to the men. Methodology used is the regression analyzes. Official data uploaded from the official website of the stats cover the real percentage of the women employment and the annual real growth of GDP, for a ten year range. This analyze will conclude on actual statistical facts of the true impact that the Gender Equality has had in the Albanian economy

Comparative Perspective of Financial Sector Development of Two EU Candidate Countries in Transition: Albania and Macedonia

Albania and Macedonia in a difference of two years met the important criteria of the accession imposed from European Union and now they are candidate countries. These two countries are transition economies of the Western Balkan or known as South- East European countries and regarding the latest international official reports they have been progressing through the financial sector reform and economic growth. This study aims to investigate on the progress of the financial sector of two neighborhood economies and specify the characteristics and commonalities this sector share. Based on statistic data of World Bank (WB) and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) this study will firstly cover an overview of the macroeconomic situation of Albania and Macedonia. The transition situation and the neighborhood of these economies impose the idea of a lot of commonalities but specifically the study will effort the specification of the differences between them. The Financial sector reform and development covers most of the study through the compare of main financial indicators of Albania and Macedonia and their relation to the economic growth. In specific the focus is on the banking sector indicators through the evidences on the ownership of the capital of the banks, their ratio on the state capital or foreign one, privatization method of the banking public sector, difference in the lending and borrowing rates etc. These two economies are as near as far from each other despite similar rules and regulations especially on the financial sector

Control of Inflation on the Road of the Accession to European Monetary Union. The Case of Albania

The aim of this paper is to analyze the monetary policy and inflation targeting applied by the Bank of Albania on the road to Euro adaption. There will be a comparison with the monetary policy used by the European Central Bank for the countries aiming to join the European Union and it will be shown if the Bank of Albania’s monetary policy rules adapt those of the ECBs. The data of inflation and exchange rates in the Albanian economy in 2005-2013 has been used. Since the variables are non-stationary and present unit roots, Johansen’s co-integration technique has been applied. This methodology has allowed for obtaining of a co-integrating relationship among variables in the long-run. The co-integration results provide evidence of a no co-integration. This indicates that inflation and exchange rate does not move together in Albania in the long-run. According to the test results, it can be said that in the long-run foreign currency does not main cause of inflation in Albania

Awareness of Cancer Pain Management among Nurses in an Albanian Oncologic Hospital

The doctor-patient percentage in Albania as said by World Health Organization (WHO). In 2013, this ratio was 1,2:1000 in contrast the average 1:600, although that of nurse-patient is enhanced, 1:40 compared to WHO standard of 1:6. Occurrence of cancer is universally increasing and the mainstream of the complex cases arise in the developing countries like Albania. Nurses engage in a significant position in efficient ache administration since they have further connection with patients in any healthcare location , appraise the pain and its collision on the patients and relatives, therefore commence acts to supervise the pain. This survey is intended at evaluating the phase of awareness of cancer pain administration between skilled nurses at Oncologic department of University Hospital Centre “Mother Theresa” in Albania. Materials and Methods: Qualified nurses who approved to participate in the survey were examined applying self-administered questionnaire. The surveys comprised 3 main parts that is (a) Demography, (b) Pain appraisal, (c) Cancer Ache administration. The degree of comprehension of cancer pain administration was subsequently evaluated from their reaction to the questionnaires. 63 nurses fulfilled the questionnaire. 54 (85.71%) were twofold trained. About 11 (17.4%) participants had supplementary official instruction in ache management. 50 (79.36) respondents provided right meaning of pain ;only 3 (3%) could confer a good explanation on the administration of cancer pain. 17 (26.9 %) of the participants could apply Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for ache estimation. Merely 12 (19%) could affirm the application of opioids in cancer pain administration. This survey exposed insufficient comprehension in cancer ache management between the nurses. To attain holistic care for cancer individuals in all health care settings, further preparation in pain management is needed. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n2p3

Time-of-day effects in arousal: disrupted diurnal cortisol profiles in children with ADHD

Background: Fluctuations in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms related to regulatory deficits in arousal states are themselves characterized by circadian rhythms. Although cortisol is an important circadian arousal-related marker, studies focusing on across-the-day cortisol variations in ADHD are scarce. There is no study with multiple measurements to take into account interday and intraday variability. Methods: Salivary cortisol was sampled five times a day (awakening, 30 min after awakening, noon, 4 p.m., 8 p.m.) across five consecutive days in 33 children with ADHD (22 with and 11 without oppositional defiant disorder; ODD) and 33 class- and sex-matched controls (aged 612). The cortisol awakening response (increase from awakening to 30 min after awakening) and the diurnal cortisol profile (across-the-day variations) were compared for ADHD with ODD (ADHD + ODD) and without ODD (ADHD) subgroups and the control group. Results: The cortisol awakening response was not significantly different between groups. However, longitudinal analyses to evaluate cortisol profiles across the day revealed a significant Group x Time effect (p < .001). More specifically, compared to each other, the ADHD subgroup showed a flatter slope with relative morning hypo-arousal and evening hyperarousal, whereas the ADHD + ODD subgroup showed a steeper slope with relative morning hyperarousal and evening hypo-arousal (p < .001). Conclusions: Findings support time-related arousal disruptions in children with ADHD associated with the presence or absence of ODD comorbidity. We recommend research on cortisol in larger samples for a better understanding of arousal mechanisms involved in ADHD not only with and without ODD but also with other comorbidities which may have implications for timing of arousal-based treatments