Particularités du statut de l'indigénat en CFS (1887-1981)

Le statut juridique spécifique des "indigènes" en Côte française des Somalis recouvre un statut pénal (indigénat, tribunaux indigènes et français) et des procédures civiles (tribunaux musulmans, indigènes et français), ainsi qu'une citoyenneté différente, qui tente de définir les critères de l'identification des personnes concernées. Sans reprendre en détail les questions de la citoyenneté et de la nationalité, ce texte présente de façon empirique les aspects du système judiciaire qui s'appliquent de façon discriminatoire à une partie de la population, en décrivant précisément les textes puis en essayant d'apercevoir les pratiques

Afars, Issas... and the making of the "djiboutian nation": an historical view

In 1977, the territory around the Gulf of Tajura, then Territoire français des Afars et des Issas, rose out the colonial situation divided into two groups, presented as irreducible and antagonist. This division is maintained after the independence. For instance, after the fight ruled by FRUD from 1991 to get integrated into the Djiboutian nation, it is because of their declared "afarity" that the civilians leaving North of the country are confronted to a military repression. If the official speeches denounce regularly "ethnicity" and “tribalism” – all the governments and their oppositions affirm themselves as "multi-ethic" since the first one in 1958 –, doing so is only putting on and reinforcing its obviousness. Truly, there are individual and collective circulation between the groups, and the making of a boundary between them have proved to be impossible. They are constructions lsinked to a political and social situation, ideological resources that can be mobilisable by the individuals according to their needs. This communication proposes to detail the history of some "ethnical" denominations in the Djiboutian area and the stakes they carry, from the first European descriptions in the middle of the 19th Century up to the independence

Introduction

This book aims to suggest an analysis of the conflict that focuses on three crucial points. The first is related to space. It is now evident that the framework of the nation-state is too circumscribed and does not capture the complexity of the relations that came into being at local, national and international levels. In this regard, we find particularly penalising the conventional approach that tends to investigate WWI in Africa and the Middle East as two separate settings, a view that unfortunately is still prevalent. Also, WWI studies have tended to examine the conflict within the geographical contours created by the area studies paradigm. Adopted in the 1950s, the area studies model has been under scrutiny since the mid-1990s.73 The artificial disjuncture between Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and the Middle East reveals all its inadequacies when we deal with the Horn of Africa, an area strongly connected to the neighboring regions. Our choice to focus on a territory which stretches from Libya to Ethiopia and encompasses the Yemen and Middle East is an attempt to overcome this hiatus. Erasing the artificial lines that divide the Horn of Africa from the wider Red Sea region allows approaches that offer a greater understanding of the dynamics at work during WWI. Ours is only a partial attempt to address this methodological limit. But we are aware that Shar\u12bf Husayn\u2019s break with the Ottomans and the volatile situation in Yemen and along the Red Sea deserves more attention from scholars of African history

Living the War Far Away from the Front : Creating Territories around Djibouti

International audienc

Djibouti-Eritrea : Doumeira

International audienceHistory of cape Doumeira and the boundary between Djibouti and Eritrea. How it impacted local situations and was managed, from the end of the 19th Century up to the 2008 conflict, by the varying countries in charge (Italy, France, United Kingdom, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea)

Djibouti, construit au cœur de la globalisation

International audienceL'espace autour du golfe de Tadjoura s'est construit à partir du XIXe siècle comme un territoire approprié par ses habitants autour de circulations entre les haut-plateaux éthiopien et la mer Rouge et interocéaniques. Ces voies commerciales et migratoires s'inscrivent dans des pratiques anciennes, mais ont changé de nature avec la création du port de Djibouti en 1888, puis la construction du chemin de fer qui le relie à la capitale éthiopienne au début du XXe siècle, en faisant le principal port du pays. Cette centralité des circulations explique la multiplicité des origines des habitants du pays, qui tentent d'intégrer les attributs identitaires mouvants de la fabrique des Djiboutiens, dans le cadre de restrictions importantes à son accès depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale