Daytime precipitation estimation using bispectral cloud classification system

Two previously developed Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) algorithms that incorporate cloud classification system (PERSIANN-CCS) and multispectral analysis (PERSIANN-MSA) are integrated and employed to analyze the role of cloud albedo from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) visible (0.65 μm) channel in supplementing infrared (10.7 mm) data. The integrated technique derives finescale (0.04° × 0.04° latitudelongitude every 30 min) rain rate for each grid box through four major steps: 1) segmenting clouds into a number of cloud patches using infrared or albedo images; 2) classification of cloud patches into a number of cloud types using radiative, geometrical, and textural features for each individual cloud patch; 3) classification of each cloud type into a number of subclasses and assigning rain rates to each subclass using a multidimensional histogram matching method; and 4) associating satellite gridbox information to the appropriate corresponding cloud type and subclass to estimate rain rate in grid scale. The technique was applied over a study region that includes the U.S. landmass east of 115°W. One reference infrared-only and three different bis-pectral (visible and infrared) rain estimation scenarios were compared to investigate the technique's ability to address two major drawbacks of infrared-only methods: 1) underestimating warm rainfall and 2) the inability to screen out no-rain thin cirrus clouds. Radar estimates were used to evaluate the scenarios at a range of temporal (3 and 6 hourly) and spatial (0.04°, 0.08°, 0.12°, and 0.24° latitude-longitude) scales. Overall, the results using daytime data during June-August 2006 indicate that significant gain over infrared-only technique is obtained once albedo is used for cloud segmentation followed by bispectral cloud classification and rainfall estimation. At 3-h, 0.04° resolution, the observed improvement using bispectral information was about 66% for equitable threat score and 26% for the correlation coefficient. At coarser 0.24° resolution, the gains were 34% and 32% for the two performance measures, respectively. © 2010 American Meteorological Society

Evaluating the utility of multispectral information in delineating the areal extent of precipitation

Data from geosynchronous Earth-orbiting (GEO) satellites equipped with visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) scanners are commonly used in rain retrieval algorithms. These algorithms benefit from the high spatial and temporal resolution of GEO observations, either in stand-alone mode or in combination with higher-quality but less frequent microwave observations from low Earth-orbiting (LEO) satellites. In this paper, a neural network-based framework is presented to evaluate the utility of multispectral information in improving rain/no-rain (R/NR) detection. The algorithm uses the powerful classification features of the self-organizing feature map (SOFM), along with probability matching techniques to map single- or multispectral input space into R/NR maps. The framework was tested and validated using the 31 possible combinations of the five Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 12 (GOES-12) channels. An algorithm training and validation study was conducted over the conterminous United States during June-August 2006. The results indicate that during daytime, the visible channel (0.65 μm) can yield significant improvements in R/NR detection capabilities, especially when combined with any of the other four GOES-12 channels. Similarly, for nighttime detection the combination of two IR channels - particularly channels 3 (6.5 μm) and 4 (10.7 μm)-resulted in significant performance gain over any single IR channel. In both cases, however, using more than two channels resulted only in marginal improvements over two-channel combinations. Detailed examination of event-based images indicate that the proposed algorithm is capable of extracting information useful to screen no-rain pixels associated with cold, thin clouds and identifying rain areas under warm but rainy clouds. Both cases have been problematic areas for IR-only algorithms. © 2009 American Meteorological Society

Engineering learning of sustainable product lifecycle through CDIO

Sustainable development is an optional CDIO (Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate) standard in the engineering curriculum, however, due to the impact of climate change on society and the environment, sustainability is now seen as a crucial aspect of learning. Engineering has contributed to climate change through non-sustainable solutions, so it is important to implement a sustainable CDIO standard in the engineering curriculum. In the UK, the Engineering Council already requires engineering-accredited courses to embed sustainability into the engineering curriculum, learning, practice and assessment following the UNESCO sustainability goals. This means that the engineering curriculum is required to provide learning opportunities for students to engineer sustainable solutions that are fit for all of society. This paper illustrates how the optional CDIO standard: sustainable development has been implemented in a second-year capstone project module The module challenges students to research and develop a low-carbon footprint product for World Rugby The module placed learning emphasis on a diamond TQM+ paradigm (Time, Quality, Management, Sustainability, Health & Safety) and challenged students to consider environmental impact and circular economy solutions. The paper reports on student learning, challenges, and successes in satisfying this diamond TQM+ paradigm to engineer sustainable rugby equipment (products, clothing, footwear, PPE) solutions and opportunities for further student learning development

Pengaruh Price Earning Ratio (Per), Price to Book Value (Pbv), Debt to Equity Ratio (Der), Return on Asset (Roa), Terhadap Return Saham Dalam Jakarta Islamic Index

The stock market is the place to look for funding activities of the company to fund its operations . The main function of the capital market is as a means of capital formation and accumulation of funds for the financing of a company . In order to facilitate the needs of Muslims in Indonesia who have interest in investment in capital market products , then developed Islamic capital markets in accordance with the basic principles of Islam which is expected to add an alternative means of investment in Indonesia in addition to the investment , which is already known and growing banking sector . Islamic stocks are stocks that the operation does not conflict with Islamic law , either the product or its management . Grouping Islamic stocks are in the Jakarta Islamic Index ( JII ) at the Indonesian Stock Exchange ( BEI ) . Getting a return ( profit ) is the main objective of the trading activity of investors in the capital market . Analysis of the company is one of the means used to analyze a stock investor to do by looking at the financial performance assessed with financial ratios . This study aimed to analyze the effect of Price Earning Ratio ( PER ) , Price to Book Value ( PBV ) Debt To Equity Ratio ( DER ) and Return on Assets ( ROA ) on stock returns is incorporated in the Jakarta Islamic Index ( JII ) the period of 2008 – 2012

Tinjauan Hukum Islam terhadap Pelaksanaan Pidana Kurungan bagi Anak Nakal di Rutan Anak Blitar

Among the criminal problem that are faced by society today is children crimes and violations, which legally referred to as "child crime". Consequently, they must be held accountable through a judicial process that can lead to imprisonment. In Indonesia, one of the places for child incarceration is in the Children's Correction Center (LPA) of Blitar. The study aims to determine the implementation of imprisonment policy for children in LPA Blitar and the Islamic criminal law's perspective. The results of this study concluded that the criminal justice process for children criminals in LPA Blitar prevails under the current law. As for the efforts of the Blitar LPA in its implementation of the policy is to provide guidance and education in a best and fair manner tailored with the evolution of children's psychology. In Islamic law, there is no prohibition about children's punishment as long as the child has passed the age of baligh, but must prioritize the education and mental development of the child. It is in line with sharia law and relevant law in Indonesi

Pengaruh Pelapukan Batulempung Formasi Subang terhadap beberapa Sifat Keteknikannya Guna Menunjang Efektivitas Pemilihan Desain Perkuatan Lereng

Dalam makalah ini dibahas karakteristik pelapukan batulempung Formasi Subang dalam kaitannya dengan sistem klasifikasi derajat pelapukan batuan dan perubahan nilai beberapa sifat keteknikannya. Lokasi pengamatan lapangan dan pengambilan contoh batuan dilaksanakan di daerah Karawang Selatan, Jawa Barat, karena kehadiran jenis batuan ini menempati wilayah yang cukup luas. Secara umum batulempung Formasi Subang dapat dibedakan atas enam zona yang mencerminkan perbedaan derajat pelapukannya. Hasil pengujian beberapa sifat keteknikan yang merupakan parameter dasar dalam analisis kestabilan lereng, seperti berat isi, kohesi, dan sudut geser dalam, memperlihatkan adanya hubungan yang berarti terhadap perubahan derajat pelapukannya. Maka, dengan mengetahui variasi derajat pelapukan batulempung Formasi Subang diharapkan perencanaan atau pemilihan desain (jenis) perkuatan lereng dapat dilakukan secara lebih tepat dan eifisien.Influence of Weathering in Claystone of Subang Formation on Some Engineering Properties to Effectively Support in Choosing of Slope- Reinforcement DesignThis paper presents weathering characteristics of claystone of Subang Formation in relation to weathering grade classification system and changes of some engineering properties. The field observation and rock-soil sampling were located at Southern Karawang area, West Java, where the claystone is distributed widely. Generally, claystone of Subang Formation can be classified into six degrees of weathering. The examination results of some engineering properties, such as unit weight, cohesion, and internal friction angle as basic parameters of slope stability analysis, indicate good relationship with the change of weathering grade. As an implication, by knowing various weathering grades, the planning or choosing of slope-reinforcement-design will be more effective and efficient.

PERSIANN-MSA: A precipitation estimation method from satellite-based multispectral analysis

Visible and infrared data obtained from instruments onboard geostationary satellites have been extensively used for monitoring clouds and their evolution. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) that will be launched onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) series in the near future will offer a larger range of spectral bands; hence, it will provide observations of cloud and rain systems at even finer spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions than are possible with the current GOES. In this paper, a new method called Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed information using Artificial Neural Networks-Multispectral Analysis (PERSIANN-MSA) is proposed to evaluate the effect of using multispectral imagery on precipitation estimation. The proposed approach uses a self-organizing feature map (SOFM) to classify multidimensional input information, extracted from each grid box and corresponding textural features of multispectral bands. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensionality to a few independent input features while preserving most of the variations of all input information. The above method is applied to estimate rainfall using multiple channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite. In comparison to the use of a single thermal infrared channel, the analysis shows that using multispectral data has the potential to improve rain detection and estimation skills with an average of more than 50% gain in equitable threat score for rain/no-rain detection, and more than 20% gain in correlation coefficient associated with rain-rate estimation. © 2009 American Meteorological Society