From lumped to distributed via semi-distributed: Calibration strategies for semi-distributed hydrologic models

Modeling the effect of spatial variability of precipitation and basin characteristics on streamflow requires the use of distributed or semi-distributed hydrologic models. This paper addresses a DMIP 2 study that focuses on the advantages of using a semi-distributed modeling structure. We first present a revised semi-distributed structure of the NWS SACramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model that separates the routing of fast and slow response runoff components, and thus explicitly accounts for the differences between the two components. We then test four different calibration strategies that take advantage of the strengths of existing optimization algorithms (SCE-UA) and schemes (MACS). These strategies include: (1) lumped parameters and basin averaged precipitation, (2) semi-lumped parameters and distributed precipitation forcing, (3) semi-distributed parameters and distributed precipitation forcing and (4) lumped parameters and basin averaged precipitation, modified using a priori parameters of the SAC-SMA model. Finally, we explore the value of using discharge observations at interior points in model calibration by assessing gains/losses in hydrograph simulations at the basin outlet. Our investigation focuses on two key DMIP 2 science questions. Specifically, we investigate (a) the ability of the semi-distributed model structure to improve stream flow simulations at the basin outlet and (b) to provide reasonably good simulations at interior points.The semi-distributed model is calibrated for the Illinois River Basin at Siloam Springs, Arkansas using streamflow observations at the basin outlet only. The results indicate that lumped to distributed calibration strategies (1 and 4) both improve simulation at the outlet and provide meaningful streamflow predictions at interior points. In addition, the results of the complementary study, which uses interior points during the model calibration, suggest that model performance at the outlet can be further improved by using a semi-distributed structure calibrated at both interior points and the outlet, even when only a few years of historical record are available. © 2009 Elsevier B.V

Daytime precipitation estimation using bispectral cloud classification system

Two previously developed Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) algorithms that incorporate cloud classification system (PERSIANN-CCS) and multispectral analysis (PERSIANN-MSA) are integrated and employed to analyze the role of cloud albedo from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) visible (0.65 μm) channel in supplementing infrared (10.7 mm) data. The integrated technique derives finescale (0.04° × 0.04° latitudelongitude every 30 min) rain rate for each grid box through four major steps: 1) segmenting clouds into a number of cloud patches using infrared or albedo images; 2) classification of cloud patches into a number of cloud types using radiative, geometrical, and textural features for each individual cloud patch; 3) classification of each cloud type into a number of subclasses and assigning rain rates to each subclass using a multidimensional histogram matching method; and 4) associating satellite gridbox information to the appropriate corresponding cloud type and subclass to estimate rain rate in grid scale. The technique was applied over a study region that includes the U.S. landmass east of 115°W. One reference infrared-only and three different bis-pectral (visible and infrared) rain estimation scenarios were compared to investigate the technique's ability to address two major drawbacks of infrared-only methods: 1) underestimating warm rainfall and 2) the inability to screen out no-rain thin cirrus clouds. Radar estimates were used to evaluate the scenarios at a range of temporal (3 and 6 hourly) and spatial (0.04°, 0.08°, 0.12°, and 0.24° latitude-longitude) scales. Overall, the results using daytime data during June-August 2006 indicate that significant gain over infrared-only technique is obtained once albedo is used for cloud segmentation followed by bispectral cloud classification and rainfall estimation. At 3-h, 0.04° resolution, the observed improvement using bispectral information was about 66% for equitable threat score and 26% for the correlation coefficient. At coarser 0.24° resolution, the gains were 34% and 32% for the two performance measures, respectively. © 2010 American Meteorological Society

The Potency of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Leaves Ethanol Extract as Hair Growth

INTRODUCTION: Hair is one of the organs and crowns for all people. Hair loss will really bother for most people. One of the plants that can be used as hair growth is Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to find the potency of H. rosa-sinensis leaves ethanol extracts as hair growth. METHODS: In this research, simplicia and extracts were made from hibiscus leaves using ethanol as a solvent. Simplicia and extracts were tested for phytochemical screening and characterization of each. The extract obtained was tested in vivo with animals test by observing mouse’s hair growth for 25 days of observation. RESULTS: Simplicia and ethanol extract of Hibiscus leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and steroids/terpenoids. The characteristics of Hibiscus leaves simplicia and extract had water content (9.71% vs. 10.65%), water-soluble extract content (19.91% vs. 27.58%), ethanol-soluble extract content (37.86% vs. 49.51%), total ash content (7.96% vs. 9.46%), and acid-insoluble ash content (0.78% vs. 1.28%). In vivo testing with animals, ethanol extract of Hibiscus leaves had an effect as a hair growth until the 25th day with an average concentration of 2.5% (14 mm), 5% (16 mm), and 10% (19 mm). DISCUSSION: The extract of Hibiscus leaves that showed the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloid, flavonoid, steroids, protein, tannin, and amino acids. The presence of active constituents such as flavonoids and tannins may be responsible for hair growth activity. CONCLUSION: The ethanol extracts of H. rosa-sinensis leaves can increase hair growth, at optimum concentrations of 10% extract

Influence of spatial resolution on diurnal variability during the north American monsoon

Diurnal variability is an important yet poorly understood aspect of the warm-season precipitation regime over southwestern North America. In an effort to improve its understanding, diurnal variability is investigated numerically using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). The goal herein is to determine the possible influence of spatial resolution on the diurnal cycle. The model is initialized every 48 h using the operational NCEP Eta Model 212 grid (40 km) model analysis. Model simulations are carried out at horizontal resolutions of both 9 and 3 km. Overall, the model reproduces the basic features of the diurnal cycle of rainfall over the core monsoon region of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. In particular, the model captures the diurnal amplitude and phase, with heavier rainfall at high elevations along the Sierra Madre Occidental in the early-afternoon that shifts to lower elevations along the west slopes in the evening. A comparison to observations (gauge and radar data) shows that the high-resolution (3 km) model generates better rainfall distributions on time scales from monthly to hourly than the coarse-resolution (9 km) model, especially along the west slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The model has difficulty with nighttime rainfall along the slopes, over the Gulf of California, and over Arizona. A comparison of surface wind data from three NCAR Integrated Sounding System (ISS) stations and the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) to the model reveals a low bias in the strength of the Gulf of California low-level jet, even at high resolution. The model results indicate that outflow from convection over northwestern Mexico can modulate the low-level jet, though the extent to which these relationships occur in nature was not investigated. © 2008 American Meteorological Society

IDENTIFIKASI KAWASAN STRATEGIS KECAMATAN TUNTANG KABUPATEN SEMARANG

Dalam Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Tengah Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Tengah Nomor 6 Tahun 2010 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2009-2029, Kabupaten Semarang juga terdapat kawasan yang berfungsi PKN Kedung Sepur yaitu yang melayani Kota Semarang Kawasan Perkotaan Ungaran dan Kawasan Strategis Ekonomi Ungaran-Bawen. Selain itu juga terdapat Kawasan Industri Strategis Provinsi di Kabupaten Ungaran berupa Kawasan Peruntukan Industri. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Semarang Nomor 9 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kabupaten Semarang mengamanatkan adanya fungsi kawasan strategis ekonomi yang salah satu perwujudannya adalah dengan menyusun rencana terperinci kawasan untuk dijadikan dasar dan pedoman dalam pengembangan kawasan strategis tersebut. Melihat perencanaan spasial untuk Kabupaten Semarang yang didasarkan pada rencana tata ruang baik nasional, provinsi maupun kabupaten maka perlu ada konsep yang lebih detail untuk dapat mengimplementasikan amanat peraturan tersebut sebagai bagian dari rencana pembangunan di kabupaten yang harus berpedoman pada dokumen perencanaan yang telah ditetapkan. Pengembangan kawasan strategis ekonomi Kabupaten Semarang untuk Kecamatan Tuntang diharapkan menjadi bagian dari implementasi prioritas pembangunan yang tertuang dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) untuk terus mengoptimalkan peran wilayah perbatasan dan pinggiran dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah dan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara umum

Diurnal variability of tropical rainfall retrieved from combined GOES and TRMM satellite information

Recent progress in satellite remote-sensing techniques for precipitation estimation, along with more accurate tropical rainfall measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and precipitation radar (PR) instruments, have made it possible to monitor tropical rainfall diurnal patterns and their intensities from satellite information. One year (August 1998-July 1999) of tropical rainfall estimates from the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) systems were used to produce monthly means of rainfall diurnal cycles at hourly and 1° × 1° scales over a domain (30°S-30°N, 80°E-10°W) from the Americas across the Pacific Ocean to Australia and eastern Asia. The results demonstrate pronounced diurnal variability of tropical rainfall intensity at synoptic and regional scales. Seasonal signals of diurnal rainfall are presented over the large domain of the tropical Pacific Ocean, especially over the ITCZ and South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) and neighboring continents. The regional patterns of tropical rainfall diurnal cycles are specified in the Amazon, Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, Calcutta, Bay of Bengal, Malaysia, and northern Australia. Limited validations for the results include comparisons of 1) the PERSIANN-derived diurnal cycle of rainfall at Rondonia, Brazil, with that derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) radar data; 2) the PERSIANN diurnal cycle of rainfall over the western Pacific Ocean with that derived from the data of the optical rain gauges mounted on the TOGA-moored buoys: and 3) the monthly accumulations of rainfall samples from the orbital TMI and PR surface rainfall with the accumulations of concurrent PERSIANN estimates. These comparisons indicate that the PERSIANN-derived diurnal patterns at the selected resolutions produce estimates that are similar in magnitude and phase

Studi Tingkat Kerusakan Ruas Jalan Poros Pinrang Kecamatan Tiroang dengan Metode Pavement Condition Index (PCI)

Roads are important infrastructure in transportation that can affect the progress of the economic, social, cultural and political fields in a region. However, in some cases the planned age of the road is not in accordance with what is happening in the field. Often the condition of the road is already damaged before the service period expires. Severe road damage is not uncommon, especially in the Pinrang axle road area, Tiroang District. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of damage found on the surface layer of the Pinrang axle road, Tiroang District and to find out more effective handling methods, as well as determine the effectiveness of assessing road damage using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method. From the results of data processing we get the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) value for the Pinrang axis road, Tiroang sub-district is 37.63. From the Povement Condition Index (PCI) value obtained, the road segment is classified as poor (Poor) and based on the results of the pavement condition classification, this road section is included in the routine maintenance program as a proposed handling. Of all the types of damage that occurred, we know that the biggest damage is the damage to holes (potholes) with an area of 1283.33 m2 (51%). The possible cause of this damage is caused by repeated traffic loads, this happens because vehicles (trucks) that carry material products that cross the road are often overloaded

Hubungan Antara Persepsi Terhadap Peran Ayah Dengan Pengungkapan Diri Pada Remaja Awal

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menguji secara empiris hubungan antara persepsi terhadap peran ayah dengan pengungkapan diri pada remaja awal, serta mengetahui besaran prediksi dari persepsi terhadap peran ayah. Hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian adalah terdapat hubungan positif antara persepsi terhadap peran ayah dengan pengungkapan diri pada remaja awal. Teknik sampel menggunakan cluster random sampling dengan 5 kelas sebagai sampel penelitian berjumlah 163 subjek. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian menggunakan skala psikologi yang terdiri dari skala persepsi terhadap peran ayah dan skala pengungkapan diri. Skala persepsi terhadap peran ayah terdiri atas 36 aitem (α=0,907) dan skala pengungkapan diri terdiri dari 23 aitem (α=0,754). Analisis data dalam penelitian menggunakan metode analisis regresi sederhana dengan hasil koefisien korelasi rxy=0,218 dan p=0,003 (