Fatores sociodemográficos e nível de conhecimento associados ao uso de anticoncepção de emergência

Objective: To determine the sociodemographic factors and level of knowledge associated with the use of emergency oral contraception in users of the INPPARES medical center in the city of Tacna, in 2020. Material and methods: The study was basic at a correlational level, not probabilistic with a sampling for convenience of 1200 women attended in the medical center, who were surveyed to measure their level of knowledge and use of emergency contraception (EC), identifying sociodemographic factors such as age, marital status and level of education. SPSS 25 software was used for data analysis and Chi-square was used with a significance level of 95 %. Results: It was identified that 57.5 % of the surveyed women have a low knowledge of emergency oral contraception compared to 7.6 % with a high knowledge. Regarding the use of the EC, it was identified that 85.9 % used it at least once in their life; 47.4 % used it at least once a year; 50.6 % are between 15 and 25; 59.1 % have a secondary level education degree; and the marital status of 64.9 % is single. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the level of knowledge and sociodemographic factors associated with the use of emergency contraception.Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos y nivel conocimiento asociado al uso de la anticoncepción oral de emergencia en usuarias del centro médico INPPARES de la ciudad de Tacna, en el año 2020. Material y métodos: El estudio fue básico de nivel correlacional, no probabilístico con un muestreo por conveniencia de 1200 mujeres atendidas en el centro médico, quienes fueron encuestadas para medir su nivel de conocimiento y uso de la anticoncepción oral de emergencia (AOE), identificando factores sociodemográficos como la edad, estado civil y grado de instrucción. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el software SPSS 25 y se empleó Chi cuadrado con un nivel de significancia de 95 %. Resultados: Se identificó que el 57,5 % de las mujeres encuestadas tienen un conocimiento bajo de la anticoncepción oral de emergencia frente a un 7,6 % con un conocimiento alto. Con respecto al uso del AOE se identificó que 85,9 % lo utilizó por lo menos una vez en su vida; el 47,4 % lo usó por lo menos una vez al año; el 50,6 % tienen entre 15 y 25; el 59,1 % cuenta con grado de instrucción de nivel secundario; y el estado civil del 64,9 % es soltera. Conclusión: Existe relación entre el nivel de conocimientos y factores sociodemográficos asociados al uso de la anticoncepción oral de emergencia.Objetivo: Determinar os fatores sociodemográficos e nível conhecimento associado ao uso do anticoncepção de emergência em usuárias do centro médico INPPARES da cidade de Tacna, 2020. Material e métodos: O estudo foi básico de nível correlacional, não probabilístico com uma amostragem por conveniência de 1200 mulheres atendidas no centro médico, que foram entrevistadas para medir seu nível de conhecimento e uso de anticoncepção de emergência (AE) identificando factores sociodemográficos como a idade, estado civil e grau de instrução; para a análise de dados utilizou-se o software SPSS 25 e utilizou-se Qui-quadrado com um nível de significância de 95 %. Resultados: Foi identificado que 57,5 % das mulheres entrevistadas têm um conhecimento deficiente da anticoncepção de emergência, contra 7,6 % com bons conhecimentos. No que diz respeito à utilização do AE, foi identificado que 85,9 % o utilizou pelo menos uma vez na sua vida; 47,4 % o utilizou pelo menos uma vez por ano; 50,6 % têm entre 15 e 25; 59,1 % têm um grau de instrução de nível secundário; e o estado civil de 64,9 % é solteiro. Conclusão: Existe uma relação entre o nível de conhecimentos e os factores sociodemográficos associados ao uso do anticoncepção de emergência

Intestinal Protists in Captive Non-human Primates and Their Handlers in Six European Zoological Gardens. Molecular Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission

We assessed the occurrence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of four protozoan (Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Giardia duodenalis), one stramenopile (Blastocystis sp.), one microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi), and two ciliate (Balantioides coli, Troglodytella abrassarti) intestinal parasite or commensal protist species in captive non-human primates (NHP) and their zookeepers from six European zoological gardens in France (n = 1), Germany (n = 1), and Spain (n = 4). Faecal samples from NHP (n = 454) belonging to 63 species within 35 genera and humans (n = 70) were collected at two sampling periods in each participating institution between October 2018-August 2021. Detection and species identification was accomplished by PCR and Sanger sequencing of the ssu rRNA and/or ITS genes. Sub-genotyping analyses using specific markers were conducted on isolates positive for G. duodenalis (gdh, bg, tpi) and Cryptosporidium spp. (gp60). Overall, 41.0% (186/454) and 30.0% (21/70) of the faecal samples of NHP and human origin tested positive for at least one intestinal protist species, respectively. In NHP, Blastocystis sp. was the most prevalent protist species found (20.3%), followed by G. duodenalis (18.1%), E. dispar (7.9%), B. coli and T. abrassarti (1.5% each), and Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi (0.9% each). Occurrence rates varied largely among NHP host species, sampling periods, and zoological institutions. The predominant protist species found in humans was Blastocystis sp. (25.7%), followed by Cryptosporidium spp. (2.9%), E. dispar (1.4%), and G. duodenalis (1.4%). Sequencing of PCR-positive amplicons in human and/or NHP confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium in six isolates (C. hominis: 66.7%, C. parvum: 33.3%), G. duodenalis in 18 isolates (assemblage A: 16.7%, assemblage B: 83.3%), Blastocystis in 110 isolates (ST1:38.2%, ST2:11.8%, ST3: 18.2%, ST4: 9.1%, ST5: 17.3%, ST8: 2.7%, ST13: 0.9%), and E. bieneusi in four isolates (CM18: 75.0%, Type IV: 25.0%). Zoonotic transmission events involving Blastocystis ST1-ST4 were identified in four zoological institutions. Zoonotic transmission of C. hominis was highly suspected, but not fully demonstrated, in one of them. Monitoring of intestinal protist species might be useful for assessing health status of captive NHP and their zookeepers, and to identify transmission pathways of faecal-orally transmitted pathogens.This study was funded by the Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under project PI16CIII/00024. DG-B was recipient of a Sara Borrell Postdoctoral Fellowship (CD19CIII/00011) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. AD was recipient of a PFIS contract (FI20CIII/00002) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Universities.S

Zoonotic "Enterocytozoon bieneusi" genotypes in free-ranging and farmed wild ungulates in Spain

Microsporidia comprises a diverse group of obligate, intracellular, and spore-forming parasites that infect a wide range of animals. Among them, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently reported species in humans and other mammals and birds. Data on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in wildlife are limited. Hence, E. bieneusi was investigated in eight wild ungulate species present in Spain (genera Ammotragus, Capra, Capreolus, Cervus, Dama, Ovis, Rupicapra, and Sus) by molecular methods. Faecal samples were collected from free-ranging (n = 1058) and farmed (n = 324) wild ungulates from five Spanish bioregions. The parasite was detected only in red deer (10.4%, 68/653) and wild boar (0.8%, 3/359). Enterocytozoon bieneusi infections were more common in farmed (19.4%, 63/324) than in wild (1.5%, 5/329) red deer. A total of 11 genotypes were identified in red deer, eight known (BEB6, BEB17, EbCar2, HLJD-V, MWC_d1, S5, Type IV, and Wildboar3) and three novel (DeerSpEb1, DeerSpEb2, and DeerSpEb3) genotypes. Mixed genotype infections were detected in 15.9% of farmed red deer. Two genotypes were identified in wild boar, a known (Wildboar3) and a novel (WildboarSpEb1) genotypes. All genotypes identified belonged to E. bieneusi zoonotic Groups 1 and 2. This study provides the most comprehensive epidemiological study of E. bieneusi in Spanish ungulates to date, representing the first evidence of the parasite in wild red deer populations worldwide. Spanish wild boars and red deer are reservoir of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and might play an underestimated role in the transmission of this microsporidian species to humans and other animal

Zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in free-ranging and farmed wild ungulates in Spain.

Microsporidia comprises a diverse group of obligate, intracellular, and spore-forming parasites that infect a wide range of animals. Among them, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently reported species in humans and other mammals and birds. Data on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in wildlife are limited. Hence, E. bieneusi was investigated in eight wild ungulate species present in Spain (genera Ammotragus, Capra, Capreolus, Cervus, Dama, Ovis, Rupicapra, and Sus) by molecular methods. Faecal samples were collected from free-ranging (n = 1058) and farmed (n = 324) wild ungulates from five Spanish bioregions. The parasite was detected only in red deer (10.4%, 68/653) and wild boar (0.8%, 3/359). Enterocytozoon bieneusi infections were more common in farmed (19.4%, 63/324) than in wild (1.5%, 5/329) red deer. A total of 11 genotypes were identified in red deer, eight known (BEB6, BEB17, EbCar2, HLJD-V, MWC_d1, S5, Type IV, and Wildboar3) and three novel (DeerSpEb1, DeerSpEb2, and DeerSpEb3) genotypes. Mixed genotype infections were detected in 15.9% of farmed red deer. Two genotypes were identified in wild boar, a known (Wildboar3) and a novel (WildboarSpEb1) genotypes. All genotypes identified belonged to E. bieneusi zoonotic Groups 1 and 2. This study provides the most comprehensive epidemiological study of E. bieneusi in Spanish ungulates to date, representing the first evidence of the parasite in wild red deer populations worldwide. Spanish wild boars and red deer are reservoir of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and might play an underestimated role in the transmission of this microsporidian species to humans and other animals