Fruit Morphology, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Salacca zalacca (Gaertner) Voss by Applications of Goat Manures and Bacillus velezensis B-27

Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca (Gaertner) Voss) is one of indigenous fruits from Southeast Asia that has been consumed for its antioxidant contents. Improving the fruit quality might increase its benefits for human health. This study aims to analyze fruit morphology, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the fruit applied with goat manures and Bacillus velezensis B-27. The research used two-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three blocks as replications. The first factor is the level of goat manure application i.e. 0 kg plant-1, 5 kg plant-1 and 10 kg plant-1, while the second factor is the bacteria application i.e. applied with Bacillus velezensis B-27 and without Bacillus velezensis B-27. The research was conducted in June until December 2019 at Turi, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Fruit length, diameter and shape were measured as morphology parameters. Antioxidant activities were measured using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, whereas flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined by the aluminium-chloride colorimetric and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Means of each parameter were analyzed using ANOVA, continued with the Tukey’s HSD test at a 5% significance level. The result showed that the application of 10 kg goat manure per plant with bacteria increased the fruit length (76.78 mm) and the diameter (62.72 mm). Addition of 10 kg goat manure per-plant combined with Bacillus velezensis B-27 gave the highest antioxidant (IC50 of 37.83 µg.mL-1), flavonoid (5.35 mgGAE.100 g-1) and total phenolic contents (44 mgQE.100 g-1)

Pengaruh Kombinasi Pemupukan Organik dan Anorganik terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kandungan Flavonoid Kangkung Darat (Ipomoea reptans Poir) varietas Bangkok dan varietas Serimpi

Penurunan kesuburan tanah dapat terjadi karena penggunaan pupuk anorganik secara masif yang tidak diimbangi dengan pupuk organik. Pemupukan berfungsi dalam mengganti unsur hara yang hilang dan menambah unsur hara yang dibutuhkan tanaman untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi penggunaan pupuk kandang sapi dan pupuk urea terhadap pertumbuhan dan kandungan flavonoid kangkung darat (Ipomoea reptans Poir). Penanaman dilaksanakan di Rumah Kaca Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada yang beralamat di Jalan Flora, Bulaksumur, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta pada bulan Maret sampai April 2022. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) dua faktor, faktor pertama adalah varietas kangkung darat yang terdiri dari varietas Bangkok dan varietas Serimpi dan faktor kedua adalah pemberian kombinasi pupuk kandang sapi dan urea yang terdiri dari pupuk kandang sapi 0 ton.ha-1 + pupuk urea 0 kg.ha-1, pupuk kandang sapi 5 ton.ha-1 + pupuk urea 50 kg.ha-1, pupuk kandang sapi 10 ton.ha-1 + pupuk urea 25 kg.ha-1, dan pupuk kandang sapi 20 ton.ha-1 + pupuk urea 12,5 kg.ha-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan yang memberikan pertumbuhan terbaik adalah dengan pemberian kombinasi dosis pupuk kandang sapi 5 ton.ha-1 + pupuk urea 50 kg.ha-1. Penggunaan jenis varietas serta pemberian kombinasi pupuk kandang sapi dan urea tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kandungan flavonoid simplisia kangkung darat

Quality improvement of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ‘Optima’ with amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer

Tomato quality is influenced by fertilization and matutity level. This study aimed to determine the best dosage of amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer (Amiboost) and to determine the best nutritional content at several ripeness levels of ‘Optima’ tomatoes. Amiboost is an inorganic foliar fertilizer that is rich in amino acids that can be easily absorbed by plants. The experiment used a factorial (RCBD) with 3 repetitions. The ‘Optima’ tomatoes were grown at Wonosobo and fertilized with 4 levels of Amiboost fertilizer consisting of 0, 1, 2, 4 L ha-1 amino acid fertilizer, and 2 L ha-1 comparison fertilizer (standard fertilizer). The research was conducted at the Horticulture Sub-Laboratory, UGM at 27 °C with a relative humidity of 75%. The tomato quality observed was CO2 concentrations, visual quality rating (VQR), fruit weight percentage, fruit hardness, fruit color, total soluble solids, total titrated acid, vitamin C, carotenoids, lycopene, and flavonoids. The observation was terminated when the score of VQR reached 1 as the shelf life of tomatoes. The best dose of amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer (Amiboost) is 2 L ha-1 for the lightness (*L) of fruit color, ascorbic acid, and lycopene. The maturity stage of fruit significantly affected vitamin C, flavonoids, total soluble solids, carotenoids, and lycopene. Keywords: Aminoalkanoic; shelf life; leaf fertilizer; tomato qualityKualitas dan kandungan nutrisi buah tomat dipengaruhi oleh pemupukan dan tingkat kematangan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis Amiboost terbaik serta mengetahui kandungan nutrisi terbaik pada beberapa tingkat kematangan buah tomat Optima. Penelitian menggunakan faktorial rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL) dengan 3 blok sebagai ulangan. Buah tomat Optima yang digunakan didapatkan dari Wonosobo terdiri dari 5 perlakuan pemupukan, yaitu 0 L/ha, Pupuk Ajifol 2 L/ha (kontrol), Pupuk Amiboost 1 L/ha, Pupuk Amiboost 2 L/ha, dan Pupuk Amiboost 4 L/ha. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Sub Laboratorium Hortikultura, Departemen Budidaya Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Kualitas mutu fisiologis yang diamati adalah produksi konsentrasi CO2 hasil respirasi. Kualitas mutu fisik yang diamati adalah visual quality rating (VQR), persentase bobot buah, kekerasan buah, dan warna buah. Kualitas mutu kimia yang diamati adalah padatan total terlarut (PTT), Total asam tertitrasi (TAT), vitamin C, karotenoid, likopen, dan flavonoid. Pengamatan diakhiri ketika skor VQR 1. Data dianalisis varians (ANOVA) dengan α=5% dan diuji lanjut dengan uji Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan dosis pupuk Amiboost dengan tingkat kematangan. Perbedaan dosis Amiboost signifikan pada parameter warna buah dosis terbaik pada Amiboost 2 L/ha. Tingkat kematangan signifikan pada padatan total terlarut, total asam tertitrasi, vitamin C, karotenoid, likopen, dan flavonoid

Fruit quality and shelf-life improvement of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) 'Servo' by inorganic fertilizer enriched with amino acid

Fertilizer and maturity stage affect the nutritional content and quality of tomatoes. This study aimed to obtain the best dosage of amino acid fertilizer on the qualities and shelf life and to determine the effect of the maturity stage on the qualities of Servo tomatoes. The research design used factorial RCBD with 3 blocks as replications. The Servo tomatoes were grown in Wonosobo District and foliar fertilized with 4 levels of amino acid fertilizer, namely 0, 1, 2, and 4 L ha-1 amino acid fertilizer, and 2 L ha-1 comparison fertilizer. Observation of tomato fruit quality was conducted in Horticulture Sublaboratory, UGM at 27,5 °C with relative humidity of 73%. The quality observed was CO2 concentration, visual quality rating, weight loss, fruit firmness, fruit color, TSS, TTA, carotenoids, lycopene, flavonoids, and vitamin C. The observation was terminated when the score of VQR reached 3 as shelf life of tomatoes. Amino acid fertilizer can improve the quality of Servo tomatoes as seen from the parameters of fruit color (a*) and total titrated acid (TTA). In terms of other parameters, the amino acid fertilizer does not affect the quality of Servo tomatoes. The highest value on fruit color (a*) and TTA resulted from 2 L ha-1 of amino acid fertilizer. The maturity stage significantly affects the quality improvement of fruit firmness, weight loss, VQR, CO2 concentration, TTA, total soluble solids, carotenoids, and flavonoids. L ha-1 Keywords: Aminoalkanoic; fertilizer effect; storage life; tomato qualit

Evaluation of Wedelia water extract on soybean, purple nutsedge, and billygoat seeds germination

Weeds cause significant yield loss in many agriculture crops; thus, management practices are urgently needed to alleviate losses while conserving environmental and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Wedelia leaf and flower extracts on the germination and early growth stage of three plant species. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design experiment with two factors and four replicates. The first factor was extract sources: leaves (S1) and flowers (S2). The second factor was the concentration: control (C0) and extract concentrations of 1% (C1), 5% (C5), and 10% (C10). The extract was tested on three different plant species: soybean (Glycine max), nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), and billygoat weed (Ageratum conyzoides). Fifty seeds of three different plants were germinated separately in Petri dishes and treated using Wedelia extracts. The allelochemicals in Wedelia leaf and flower extracts inhibited germination and induced abnormal sprouting. Wedelia leaf extract showed the most pronounced inhibitory effects and highest inhibition levels across all measured parameters. Moreover, a clear concentration-response relationship was observed, where increased extract concentration increased the degree of inhibition. These findings contribute to the development of bioherbicides and can help reduce the use of synthetic herbicides for more sustainable agriculture. Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides, bioherbicide, Cyperus rotundus, Glycine max, weed contro

Peningkatan Kapasitas Masyarakat melalui Pengolahan Limbah Organik untuk Pupuk Tanaman di Pekarangan Perkotaan

The most sources of waste have been from households in urban area. The urban high population and daily food consumption effect the waste is potential to pollute the environment. Innovation of waste treatment should be applied by local community in urban area to reduce the household waste. This activity was a community service program UGM 2022 and supporting the Bantul Government program "Bantul free of waste 2025". The aims of this program were to improve community capacity and practice through household organic waste treatment. The activity was carried out at the Singosaren Padukuhan, Wukirsari Village, Imogiri, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), in April‒October 2022. The method of program in community were included of field learning by teaching and practicing, community assistance, and evaluation of implementation. The 35 participants of PKK group from Singosaren hamlet joined this program that divided into 6 groups from 5 neighbourhood organisation (Rukun Tentangga). Organic waste process can be processed through fermentation of fresh organic waste (FLOS) or ecoenzyme and into liquid organic fertilizer using the stacked bucket (POCET) for 2–3 months. The FLOS and POCET products of waste fermentation are used as liquid fertilizers for cultivating plants in their yard Pekarangan. FLOS can also be used as multi-purpose liquid cleaner for home appliances. The raw materials included of fruit rind and vegetable waste. The results have showed the community enthusiasm, community capacity on organic waste processing and its utilization independently in the community. The application of FLOS and POCET as plant fertilizer showed better growing of plants in urban home gaden Pekarangan.The most sources of waste have been from households in urban area. The urban high population and daily food consumption effect the waste is potential to pollute the environment. Innovation of waste treatment should be applied by local community in urban area to reduce the household waste. This activity was a community service program UGM 2022 and supporting the Bantul Government program "Bantul free of waste 2025". The aims of this program were to improve community capacity and practice through household organic waste treatment. The activity was carried out at the Singosaren Padukuhan, Wukirsari Village, Imogiri, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), in April‒October 2022. The method of program in community were included of field learning by teaching and practicing, community assistance, and evaluation of implementation. The 35 participants of PKK group from Singosaren hamlet joined this program that divided into 6 groups from 5 neighbourhood organisation (Rukun Tentangga). Organic waste process can be processed through fermentation of fresh organic waste (FLOS) or ecoenzyme and into liquid organic fertilizer using the stacked bucket (POCET) for 2–3 months. The FLOS and POCET products of waste fermentation are used as liquid fertilizers for cultivating plants in their yard Pekarangan. FLOS can also be used as multi-purpose liquid cleaner for home appliances. The raw materials included of fruit rind and vegetable waste. The results have showed the community enthusiasm, community capacity on organic waste processing and its utilization independently in the community. The application of FLOS and POCET as plant fertilizer showed better growing of plants in urban home gaden Pekarangan

PERUBAHAN LEVEL ANTOSIANIN BUNGA POTONG MAWAR (Rosa hybrida var. Grand Gala) DENGAN PERLAKUAN HOLDING SOLUTION ALAMI

Mawar merah (Rosa hybrida var. Grand Gala) merupakan komoditas bunga potong populer namun memiliki masa simpan relatif singkat (3-5 hari). Salah satu penanganan pasca panen mawar adalah dengan menggunakan holding solution (larutan peraga) untuk memperlama masa pajang. Alternatif holding solution yang dapat digunakan adalah bahan-bahan alami yang bersifat mengawetkan serta menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Penggunaan bahan alami diharapkan mampu mensubstitusi bahan kimia sintetik yang kurang ramah lingkungan. Rumusan masalah dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah mengenai bagaimana pengaruh beberapa kombinasi holding solution alami terhadap kadar antosianin bunga potong mawar. Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis kadar antosianin sebagai pigmen utama bunga mawar merah yang disimpan dalam beberapa kombinasi holding solution. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus 2019 di Sub Laboratorium Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian UGM. Desain yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan suhu serta kelembaban yang dikontrol. Bunga potong disimpan selama 8 hari dalam 12 kombinasi holding solution meliputi: kontrol; sukrosa10%; air jeruk nipis15%; air jeruk nipis15%+sukrosa10%; air kelapa15%; air kelapa15%+sukrosa10%; air kelapa15%+air jeruk nipis15%; air kelapa15%+air jeruk nipis15%+sukrosa10%; air kelapa 30%; air kelapa 30%+sukrosa 10%; air kelapa 30%+air jeruk nipis15%; air kelapa 30%+air jeruk nipis 15%+sukrosa 10%. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan skoring kelayakan, analisis klorofil daun dan antosianin petal dengan metode spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kelayakan tertinggi (73% segar) adalah perlakuan air kelapa 30%. Kadar klorofil daun tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan air kelapa15%+air jeruk15%+sukrosa10% sebesar 1,27 mg/g bobot daun segar, selanjutnya nilai antosianin total tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan air kelapa 30% yaitu 330,79 mg/L. Kata kunci: air kelapa, antosianin, mawar, larutan peraga, pasca pane

Tanggapan Terung (Solanum melongena L.) terhadap Pemberian Mikoriza dan Kompos Lumpur Pengolahan Limbah Susu

Salah satu langkah peningkatan hasil tanaman adalah pemberian pupuk hayati, contohnya Jamur Mikoriza Arbuskular (JMA) dan kompos lumpur pengolahan limbah susu. Mikoriza telah dikenal dapat meningkatkan hasil dan pertumbuhan berbagai tanaman, sedangkan literatur mengenai kompos lumpur pengolahan limbah susudi Indonesia masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tanggapan terung (Solanum melongena L.) terhadap pemberian mikoriza dan kompos lumpur pengolahan limbah susu dan mengetahui pola hubungan antara dosis kompos lumpur pengolahan limbah susudengan hasil terung yang dikombinasikan dengan pemberian mikoriza. Penanaman  terung dilakukan pada bulan November 2021 hingga Maret 2022 menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dua faktor, faktor pertama yaitu mikoriza (tanpa mikoriza dan dengan mikoriza) dan faktor kedua kompos lumpur pengolahan limbah susu (0 g/polibag, 25 g/polibag, 50 g/polibag, dan 75 g/polibag). Pemberian mikoriza dan kompos lumpur pengolahan limbah susu menyebabkan peningkatan pertumbuhan dan hasil terung (Solanum melongena L.) khususnya panjang akar dan umur berbunga. Pola hubungan yang terbentuk antara dosis kompos lumpur pengolahan limbah susu dengan hasil terung mengikuti persamaan garis kuadratik dan tidak tergantung faktor pemberian mikoriza. Dosis optimal kompos lumpur pengolahan limbah susu untuk bobot buah segar terbaik yaitu 75,5g/polibag