The assessment and forecast of ecochemical status of Serbian rivers with the optimization and evaluation of methods for statistical analysis of databases of long-term monitoring

Institucije poput Republičkog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Srbije sprovode višedecenijske programe monitoringa ključnih ekohemijskih parametara, u okviru kojih su nastale baze podataka sa ogromnim brojem merenja. Ova disertacija obrađuje bazu podataka koja je proizvod monitoringa reka Srbije u periodu od 1992. do 2006. godine. Cilj rada je bio da se u okviru prikupljenih podataka ispita da li postoje vremenski i prostorni trendovi, a da se potom detektovani trendovi kvantifikuju. U okviru vremenskih trendova posebno su istraživane sezonske oscilacije posmatranih ekohemijskih parametara. Ispitivane su međusobne relacije njihovih vremenskih i prostornih promena. Centralno mesto u istraživanju zauzima Dunav, zato što je u pitanju važna internacionalna reka, pri čemu skoro celokupna teritorija Republike Srbije pripada njegovom slivu. Stoga je bitno naći odgovor na pitanje da li se ekohemijski status Dunava pogoršava, poboljšava ili stagnira nakon proticanja kroz Srbiju. Takođe je bilo interesantno utvrditi kako na Dunav utiču pritoke čije se ušće nalazi na teritoriji Srbije. Sava, Tisa i Velika Morava se izdvajaju od ostalih pritoka po tome što je Sava najveća pritoka, Tisa je najduža, a Velika Morava je najveća reka Srbije. Pored uticaja pritoka ispitivan je i uticaj ostalih velikih izvora zagađenja poput grada Beograda i potencijal Dunava za samoprečišćavanje. Obrada rezultata se nije zaustavila samo na empirijskom pristupu, koji se isključivo oslanja na iskustvo i subjektivne procene istraživača. Da bi se dobile objektivne procene i izveli zaključci visoke pouzdanosti, bilo je neophodno sastaviti i primeniti odgovarajuću statističku proceduru. Podaci koji potiču iz životne sredine su opterećeni mnoštvom ometajućih faktora kao što su: prisustvo ekstremnih vrednosti, odstupanja od normalne...Institutions such as Republic Hydrometerogical Service conduct during many decades monitoring programs of crucial eco-chemical parameters. They have produced data bases with huge amounts of measurements. This dissertation is based on data base which originated from the monitoring of Serbian rivers in the period which spans from years 1992 to 2006. Goal of this dissertation was explore if collected data possess any temporal or spatial trends, and if so, to quantify them. Among temporal trends, special attention was paid to seasonal oscillations of analyzed eco-chemical parameters. Mutual relations of temporal and spatial changes between different eco-chemical parameters were explored. The Danube was in the center of this research because it is important international river. Almost whole of the Serbian territory belongs to its basin, therefore it was very important to find whether eco-chemical status of the river is decreased, increased of stagnates as the Danube flows through Serbia. Another interesting issue was to explore influence of the major tributaries whose mouth is located within Serbia. The Sava, the Tisa and The Velika Morava were chosen among other tributaries, because the Sava is the biggest tributary, the Tisa is the longest and the Velika Morava is the biggest Serbian tributary. Influence of the Belgrade city and other large pollution sources was explored, beside the influence of the tributaries. Self-purification potential of the Danube was also assessed. Data processing was not limited to the empirical approach which is highly dependent on the experience and subjectivity of the researcher. In order to gain objective assessments and highly accurate conclusions, it was necessary to obtain and apply appropriate statistical procedure. Environmental data is burdened with various nuisance factors such as: presence..

Dugotrajni organski zagađivači (POPs)

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous in all environmental media. Because of their persistence, they are present even in regions where they haven't been released before. POPs are toxic even in very low concentrations, many of them being carcinogenic. Basic representatives and groups of POPs, sources in the environment, ways of transport and elimination, impact to the human health and the environment are presented in this article. At the end Stockholm Convention is mentioned, an international legally binding agreement on persistent organic pollutants.Dugotrajni organski zagađivači (persistent organic pollutants - POPs) su jedinjenja široko rasprostranjena u svim medijima životne sredine. Zbog svoje dugotrajnosti nepromenjeni prelaze velike razdaljine, usled čega se javljaju i u regionima u kojima nikad nisu bili ispuštani. Toksični su u vrlo malim koncentracijama, a mnogi od njih su kancerogeni. U članku su pobrojani osnovni predstavnici i grupe, predstavljeni su izvori emitovanja u životnu sredinu, načini transporta i eliminacije, uticaj na životnu sredinu i zdravlje. Na kraju je kratak prikaz Stokholmske konvencije, međunarodnog dokumenta nastalog radi regulacije POPs-ova

Long-term changes in the eco-chemical status of the Danube River in the region of Serbias

The Danube River is an international river, one part of which flows through Serbia. The eco-chemical status of the Danube River is a constant topic of interest both at the local level, in each country through which the Danube flows, and at the international level. General interest to ensure the sustainable and equitable use of waters and freshwater resources in the Danube River Basin led to the development of a system for monitoring the river, which has produced data sets of its eco-chemical status. These have been collected over many years in Serbia; however, the present interest was focused only on the period from 1992 until 2006, i.e., a 15-year period. The process of defining trends of selected eco-chemical parameters, using linear regression analysis with a defined level of significance, and their separation from natural variability is of the highest importance for defining the changes in the water parameters. Through them, the fate and behavior of the eco-chemical parameters of the Danube in Serbia can be recognized and the prediction of their trends in the near future can be attempted. The obtained results revealed a constant improvement and acceptable trends of the eco-chemical status of the Danube River, as well as, substantial differences in the quality of the inflowing and out flowing water

Dugotrajni organski zagađivači (POPs)

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous in all environmental media. Because of their persistence, they are present even in regions where they haven't been released before. POPs are toxic even in very low concentrations, many of them being carcinogenic. Basic representatives and groups of POPs, sources in the environment, ways of transport and elimination, impact to the human health and the environment are presented in this article. At the end Stockholm Convention is mentioned, an international legally binding agreement on persistent organic pollutants.Dugotrajni organski zagađivači (persistent organic pollutants - POPs) su jedinjenja široko rasprostranjena u svim medijima životne sredine. Zbog svoje dugotrajnosti nepromenjeni prelaze velike razdaljine, usled čega se javljaju i u regionima u kojima nikad nisu bili ispuštani. Toksični su u vrlo malim koncentracijama, a mnogi od njih su kancerogeni. U članku su pobrojani osnovni predstavnici i grupe, predstavljeni su izvori emitovanja u životnu sredinu, načini transporta i eliminacije, uticaj na životnu sredinu i zdravlje. Na kraju je kratak prikaz Stokholmske konvencije, međunarodnog dokumenta nastalog radi regulacije POPs-ova

Supplementary data for the article: Zarić, N. M.; Ilijević, K.; Stanisavljević, L.; Gržetić, I. Use of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera L.) as Bioindicators of Spatial Variations and Origin Determination of Metal Pollution in Serbia. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 2018, 83 (6), 773–784. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC171110018Z

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC171110018Z]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2179

Use of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) as bioindicators of spatial variations and origin determination of metal pollution in Serbia

Honeybees have been proposed and used as bioindicators for the last few decades, because of their nature. Until now they have mostly been used to determine the present pollution and to distinguish the differences between the sampling locations and the sampling periods. With the use of multivariate statistical methods honeybees can also be used to distinguish the origin of this pollution. In this study the concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr and Zn were measured in the bodies of adult honeybees collected from nine different apiaries in Serbia. With the help of the statistical methods it was established that the least polluted area was the one that has no industrial activities or the intense traffic nearby. The most polluted was the urban region, followed by a region close to thermal power plants and ash disposal site. Using PCA and CA the origin of the analyzed metals were proposed. It was suggested that Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni have anthropogenic origin mainly from the intensive agriculture, traffic and coal combustion.Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3312

Supplementary data for the article: Orlić, J.; Gržetić, I.; Ilijević, K. Effect of Sample Preparation Procedure on Standardless Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Plant Samples. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 2021, 184, 106258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2021.106258.

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2021.106258]Related to published version: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4618

Comparison of non-destructive techniques and conventionally used spectrometric techniques for determination of elements in plant samples (coniferous leaves)

Conventionally used spectrometric techniques of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-MS) usually involve time-consuming sample preparation procedure of a sample dissolution which requires the usage of aggressive and toxic chemicals. The need for suitable and sustainable analytical methods for direct multi-elemental analysis of plant samples has been increased in recent years. Spectrometric techniques for direct sample analysis, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have been applied in environmental studies and various fields of screening tests. Nevertheless, these techniques are not commonly used for plant sample analysis and their performances need to be evaluated. This research aimed to assess how reliable non-destructive techniques are in the determination of elements in plants compared to conventionally used spectrometric techniques. A total of 49 plant samples of four conifer species (Pinus nigra, Abies alba, Taxus baccata and Larix decidua) were measured using two conventionally applied (ICP-MS, ICP-OES) and two non-destructive techniques (wavelength dispersive XRF (WD-XRF), INAA). The comparison was performed by investigation of relative ratios of concentrations and by correlation analysis. Moreover, precision of the techniques was examined and compared. The quality control included analysis of NIST pine needles certified reference material (1575a) using all examined techniques. Our results suggest that additional analytical and quality control steps are necessary for reaching the highest accuracy of multi-elemental analysis

Supplementary material for the article: Zaric, N. M.; Deljanin, I.; Ilijević, K.; Stanisavljević, L.; Ristić, M.; Gržetić, I. Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Trace Element Concentrations Using Honeybees (Apis Mellifera) as Bioindicators. PeerJ 2018, 2018 (7). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5197

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5197]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2183

Supplementary material for the article: Zaric, N. M.; Deljanin, I.; Ilijević, K.; Stanisavljević, L.; Ristić, M.; Gržetić, I. Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Trace Element Concentrations Using Honeybees (Apis Mellifera) as Bioindicators. PeerJ 2018, 2018 (7). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5197

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5197]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2183