Transient Stability Simulation by Waveform Relaxation Methods

In this paper, a new methodology for power system dynamic response calculations is presented. The technique known as the waveform relaxation has been extensively used in transient analysis of VLSI circuits and it can take advantage of new architectures in computer systems such as parallel processors. The application in this paper is limited to swing equations of a large power system. Computational results are presented

Comparison of sequential and single extraction in order to estimate the environmental impact of metals from fly ash

The aim of this paper is to simulate leaching of metals from fly ash in different environmental conditions using ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction techniques. Single-agent extraction and sequential extraction procedures were used to determine the levels of different metals leaching. The concentration of metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, As and Be) in fly ash extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Single-agent extractions of metals were conducted at sonication times of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min. Single-agent extraction with deionized water was also performed by exposing samples to microwave radiation at temperature of 50 degrees C. The sequential extraction was conducted according to the BCR procedure which was modified and applied to study the partitioning of metals in coal fly ash. The microwave-assisted sequential extraction was performed at different extraction temperatures: 50, 100 and 150 degrees C. The partitioning of metals between the individual fractions was investigated and discussed. The efficiency of the extraction process for each step was examined. In addition, the results of the microwave-assisted sequential extraction are compared to the results obtained by standard ASTM method. The mobility of most elements contained in the fly ash is markedly pH sensitive

Photoinduced processes, radiation interaction with material and damages - material hardness

Photo and nuclear radiation induced processes are considered through the interaction of radiation with semiconducting, metallic and other materials, including the scintillator materials. The improvement of component efficiency by the use of quantum generators, trimming and hybrid processes with nuclear radiation has been analyzed. The studied processes can be positive or negative depending on application. Besides the experimental approach to the processes and chosen interactions, the analytical description of our experiments, as well as ones from other references, has been performed. The contemporary couplings between the nuclear physics, laser techniques and respective dosimetric aspects have been considered

The influence of Al3+ion on porcine pepsin activity in vitro

The in vitro effect of Al3+ ions in the concentration range 1.710-6M-8.710-3M on pepsin activity at pH 2, via kinetic parameters and its electrophoretic mobility was evaluated. Kinetic study demonstrated the existence of an activation effect of Al3+ at pH 2 on pepsin molecule. Kinetic analysis with respect to concentrations of haemoglobin showed that Al3+ ions increase the maximal velocity (Vmax) and kcat values rather than apparent affinity for substrate (KS) implying the non-competitive nature of activation which indicated that aluminium was a non-essential activator of partial non-competitive type. The values of the equilibrium constants KS and KmA for dissociation of corresponding complexes were evaluated as 0.9040.083mM and 8.560.51M, respectively. Dissociation constant KA, of activator from enzyme-activator complex calculated via kinetic and direct measurement of Al3+ binding data, as well as activation constant A50, the activator concentration that gives a rate equal to half at a saturating concentration of activator, were found to be 8.820.90M, 8.390.76M, and 8.050.48M respectively. Native PAGE electrophoresis shows the decrease in electrophoretic mobility of pepsin and confirms modification of the electric charge and conformational changes of pepsin caused by bound Al3+ on the pepsin molecule. Al3+ induced conformational changes of pepsin were verified by UV-VIS and IR spectra. Moreover, the absence of conformational changes in the haemoglobin molecule in the presence of Al3+ ions confirms that the obtained activation is a consequence of conformational changes caused only in the pepsin molecule

Photoinduced processes, radiation interaction with material and damages - material hardness

Photo and nuclear radiation induced processes are considered through the interaction of radiation with semiconducting, metallic and other materials, including the scintillator materials. The improvement of component efficiency by the use of quantum generators, trimming and hybrid processes with nuclear radiation has been analyzed. The studied processes can be positive or negative depending on application. Besides the experimental approach to the processes and chosen interactions, the analytical description of our experiments, as well as ones from other references, has been performed. The contemporary couplings between the nuclear physics, laser techniques and respective dosimetric aspects have been considered

A new class of platinum(II) complexes with the phosphine ligand pta which show potent anticancer activity

The anticancer potential of sixteen platinum(II) complexes with general formulae [PtCl(hq)(S-dmso)] (1a-8a) and [PtCl(hq)(pta)] (1b-8b) (where hq is 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol (clioquinol; cqH) (1a, 1b), 8-hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline (nitroxoline; nxH) (2a, 2b), 5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol (3a, 3b), 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol (4a, 4b), 5,7-dibromo-8-quinolinol (5a, 5b), 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxy-2-methyl-quinoline (6a, 6b), 8-hydroxyquinoline (7a, 7b) and 8-quinolinethiol (8a, 8b); dmso is dimethyl sulfoxide and pta is 1,3,5triaza- 7-phosphaadamantane) was determined through in vitro cytotoxicity assay in human fibroblasts (MRC5) and two carcinoma cell lines (A375 and A549) and embryotoxicity assay in a zebrafish model. Interactions with double stranded DNA through in vitro assay and a molecular docking study were examined. All complexes, except 6a, exhibited a high cytotoxic effect on MRC5 cells at a concentration of 10 mu g mL(-1) while 1b, 5a, 6a and 3b showed selective toxicity towards carcinoma cell lines. In general, pta-based complexes (series b) were more toxic according to the results of a MTT screen and the LC50 values obtained in zebrafish (Danio rerio) assay; they also induced higher oxidative stress in this model. Successful cellular uptake of complexes was shown by the ICP-MS methodology. The binding propensity of the complex with DNA obtained in in silico studies can be correlated with those from the experimental investigation. Compounds with the highest binding potential, according to the interaction energy value, were 1b, 3b, 6b and 5b. From observations of the DNA interaction ability and of the in silico assessment, no apparent DNA fragmentation was observed either on DNA extracted from the treated cancer cell line or from the zebrafish embryos.Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3144

Application of Peleg Model on Mass Transfer Kinetics During Osmotic Dehydratation of Pear Cubes in Sucrose Solution

The applicability of Peleg model was investigated for predicting mass transfer kinetics during the osmotic dehydration (OD) process of pears, at different concentrations (40, 60 and 70%, w/w) and temperatures (20, 35 and 50 degrees C) of sucrose solution. Increase in sucrose solution concentration resulted in higher water loss (WL) and solid gain (SG) values through the osmotic treatment period. After 360 min of osmotic treatment of pears, WL ranged from 23.71 to 31.68% at 20 degrees C, from 24.80 to 40.38% at 35 degrees C and from 33.30 to 52.07% at 50 degrees C of initial weight of pears. The increase of dry mass of the samples, SG, after 360 min of osmotic treatment ranged from 3.02 to 6.68% at 20 degrees C, from 4.15 to 7.71% at 35 degrees C and from 5.00 to 8.92% at 50 degrees C. Pelegs rate constants, k(1)(WL) and k(1)(SG), decreased with increasing temperature, as well as decreased with increasing concentration of osmotic solution at constant temperature. Both capacity constants k(2)(WL) and k(2)(SG) also exhibited the inverse relationship between capacity constant and temperature, as well as concentration of the osmotic solution. Pelegs rate constants for WL and SG at all temperatures followed an Arrhenius type relationship. The predicted equilibrium values were very close to experimental ones, which was confirmed with high coefficients of determination and by the residual analysis

Influence of different extrusion temperatures on the stability of ellagic acid from raspberry seeds

Production of raspberry products leaves large amounts of seeds which are considered as by-product or waste. These seeds are rich source of ellagic acid and about 88% of the total ellagic acid content in raspberries comes from the seeds. This study investigates the influence of extrusion process at different temperatures on the content of ellagic acid in 'Willamette' raspberry seeds. The extrusion was performed on a Brabender singlescrew laboratory extruder and at three temperature regimes: 140, 160 and 200°C. HPLC/DAD analysis was used to determine and quantify the content of ellagic acid in the extruded samples. Ellagic acid content was quantified by calculation using a calibration curve established from standard ellagic acid. The content of ellagic acid in raspberry seeds was found to be 286.54 μg/g. Use of different extrusion temperatures did not have any impact on the stability of ellagic acid from 'Willamete' raspberry seeds, i.e. did not make significant differences in the content of the ellagic acid. These findings indicated that raspberry seeds may be suitable for the high temperature food processing

SIP an Biokohlen - Neue Ergebnisse und neue Einsichten in das elektrochemische Modell von Wong (Geophysics 1979, 44(7), 1245-1265)

Biokohlen unterscheiden sich je nach Ausgangsmaterial und Herstellungsverfahren mitunter beträchtlich. Bei den Herstellungsverfahren kann man im Wesentlichen drei Typen unterscheiden. Die Pyrolyse, d.h. die Erhitzung auf 300-800 °C unter Sauerstoffausschluss, die Vergasung, d.h. die Erhitzung unter Zusatz eines Oxidationsmittels im Unterschuss vorwiegend bei noch höheren Temperaturen und die hydrothermale Karbonisierung. Letztere findet im Gegensatz zu den ersten beiden im Kontakt des zu karbonisierenden Materials mit einer Wasserphase unter Druck bei Temperaturen von 150-300 °C statt. Die Produkte der hydrothermalen Karbonisierung unterscheiden sich deshalb beträchtlich von denen der beiden anderen Verfahrenstypen. Die hydrothermale Karbonisierung ist besonders vorteilhaft, wenn das Ausgangsmaterial eine hohe Feuchte hat und bei den anderen beiden Verfahren viel Energie verbraucht wird, um die Feuchte aus dem Material auszutreiben. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse aus der Bestimmung oberflächenfunktioneller Gruppen durch Boehm-Titration und elektrischer Messungen mit spektraler induzierter Polarisation (SIP) für eine pyrolytische Kohle aus Kiefernholz und einer Kohle aus der hydrothermalen Karbonisierung von Miscanthus giganteus (Elefantengras) verglichen. Die Kohle aus der hydrothermalen Karbonisierung enthält deutlich mehr funktionelle Gruppen, zeigt aber nur eine relativ geringe elektrische Polarisation in wassergesättigten Mischungen mit Sand. Die pyrolytische Kohle, die mit einer langen Kontaktzeit bei 400 °C hergestellt worden war, zeigt dagegen eine sehr hohe Polarisation und im Gegensatz zu der anderen Kohle keine Abhängigkeit des Phasenwinkels vom Elektrolytgehalt des Wassers. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass der Polarisationsmechanismus für beide Kohlen unterschiedlich ist. Während bei der Kohle aus der hydrothermalen Karbonisierung im Wesentlichen eine Polarisation durch Verschiebung der Ionen in der elektrischen Doppelschicht stattfindet, erfolgt bei der pyrolytischen Kohle eine Polarisation der Elektronenverteilung in den elektronisch leitenden Kohlepartikeln. Die SIP-Spektren solcher Materialien lassen sich mit der Theorie von Wong beschreiben, welche die Leckströme durch Redox-Reaktionen über die Partikel-Elektrolyt-Grenzfläche mitberücksichtigt. Die Messwerte für die Kohle aus Kiefernholz lassen sich bei Verwendung sinnvoller Parameter mit dieser Theorie recht gut beschreiben, wenn man in Betracht zieht, dass einige der Voraussetzungen der Theorie nicht erfüllt sind. Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen zeigen, dass die pyrolytische Kohle eine hohe Porosität besitzt, weswegen die Kontaktfläche mit dem Elektrolyt verglichen mit der Kontaktfläche starrer Kugeln, wie sie die Theorie voraussetzt, wesentlich größer wird. Deshalb muss ein wesentlich höherer Volumenanteil an Kohle in das theoretische Modell eingesetzt werden, um die gemessene Peakhöhe des Phasenwinkels zu erhalten. Eine Weiterentwicklung der Theorie von Wong wäre deshalb anzustreben