Fate of agrochemicals in wood chip denitrifying reactors and their impacts on wood chip microbial ecology

Subsurface tile drainage systems have contributed towards increasing agricultural production, but have also contributed towards water pollution by rapidly transporting excessive nutrient and agrochemicals to surface water and ground water. One of the pollution control strategies is to treat the tile drainage water or the contaminated subsurface water with denitrifying bioreactors. Wood chips have been used in denitrifying bioreactors, providing organic carbon and attachment surface area for denitrifiers. The focus of this research is to investigate fate of agrochemicals in wood chips from the in situ reactors and their potential effects on denitrification and the denitrifiers. The selected agrochemicals for study are atrazine, enrofloxacin, monensin and sulfamethazine. Partition coefficients of atrazine, enrofloxacin, monensin and sulfamethazine were determined by single–point sorption experiments by using wood chips from an in situ reactor. Of the four chemicals tested, enrofloxacin had the highest partition coefficient (Kow) while sulfamethazine had the lowest. Atrazine and monensin had moderate sorption coefficients. In addition, partition coefficients for the four chemicals for wood chips were larger than the partition coefficients for soils obtained close to the in situ reactor. Freundlich distribution coefficients (Kf) for isotherm studies for the four chemicals were in the order of (highest to lowest): enrofloxacin \u3e monensin \u3e atrazine \u3e sulfamethazine. Desorption hysteresis were found for enrofloxacin, atrazine and sulfamethazine when the wood chips were desorbed by water. For monensin, the desorption aqueous phase concentrations were larger than the adsorption aqueous phase content. A possible reason for the larger desorption concentration was that the monensin adsorbed onto wood chips were on the eternal surface of the wood chips due to its larger molecular structure which allowed monensin to be easily desorbed. Only 5% of enrofloxacin, 14% of monensin, 23% of sulfamethazine and 25% of atrazine were recovered from the wood chips after two desorption and an acetonitrile–water extraction indicating the strong binding of the chemicals onto wood chips. Degradation studies with atrazine, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethazine onto wood chips indicate that a large majority of the chemical mass was removed from the aqueous phase within the first 48 hours followed by a slow removal over time. Dissipation rates were estimated using the availability-adjusted first-order degradation model. Disappearance of sulfamethazine was slower than disappearance of enrofloxacin and atrazine. No impact on denitrifiers as measured by the denitrification potential assays, most-probable-number (MPN) and nosZ1 copy number was found for atrazine at an initial concentration of 5 mg L-1. The MPN was reduced under enrofloxacin treatment after 2 days of the incubation; however, at the end of the experiment the denitrifier MPN was similar to control treatment MPN. Sulfamethazine was found to initially impact the denitrification (both MPN, nosZ1 copy number and denitrification potential) but after 5 days the denitrification potential assays, most-probable–number (MPN) and nosZ1 copy number were found to be similar to that of the control

The morphometric, meristic and genetic characteristics of European sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Black Sea

The European sprat (Sprattus sprattus) represents the unit stock shared among the Black Sea countries. It has a key role in the Black Sea ecosystem and is determined by its importance from both a commercial and an ecological point of view. Up to now, there are few studies on the meristic, morphometric and genetic characteristics of this species. In this study, the species were specified and studied for meristic, morphometric and genetic characteristics. Mitochondrial gene regions which 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), were studied and compared with some of the family Clupeidae species in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogenetic relationship was examined. A total of 14 haplotypes were determined for the mitochondrial COI gene region and 3 haplotypes were determined for the 16S rRNA gene region. This study will contribute to the sustainable management of this species as well as be a basis for future studies

Morphometric, meristic and genetic characteristics of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) in the Black Sea

The Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) is a commercially important and popular species in the world as well as in Turkish fisheries sector. In this study, the morphologic and meristic features and genetic characteristics of Atlantic bonito in the Black Sea were examined. We found that most of the morphometric measurements in females were greater than males. Besides, 10 haplotypes were found for COI gene region, 3 haplotypes for 16s gene region and 4 haplotypes for the rhodopsin gene region. Genetic closure was determined in Tirebolu population for the first time

Orthodontic Treatment of a Case with Maxillary Impacted Canines and Congenitally Missing First Premolars

Depending on their roles in oral functions and smile and face esthetic, impaction of maxillary canines is an important problem that should be treated by a conservative approach. In this case report, orthodontic treatment of a patient (9-year 5- months) with congenitally missing one maxillary premolar on both side and impacted two maxillary canines were introduced. The canines were impacted in different depth and angulations; right canine was almost parallel to occlusal plane. Following the determination of the teeth were not erupting by a panoramic radiograph taken in the sixth month after first application, patient was accepted to fixed orthodontic therapy. Primary canines were extracted. Rotations of upper premolars and molars were corrected and spaces were organized. However no traction was applied to maxillary canines, it was determined that they were erupting in the following panoramic radiograph. When they are fully erupted they were bonded. The treatment finished in three years and seven months time. This case shows the importance of early diagnose of impacted maxillary canines and their ability to erupt by uprighting when their spaces are prepared

Deciphering the complex interplay between microbiota, HPV, inflammation and cancer through cervicovaginal metabolic profiling

Background: Dysbiotic vaginal microbiota have been implicated as contributors to persistent HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis and genital inflammation with mechanisms unknown. Given that cancer is a metabolic disease, metabolic profiling of the cervicovaginal microenvironment has the potential to reveal the functional interplay between the host and microbes in HPV persistence and progression to cancer. Methods: Our study design included HPV-negative/positive controls, women with low-grade and high-grade cervical dysplasia, or cervical cancer (n = 78). Metabolic fingerprints were profiled using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Vaginal microbiota and genital inflammation were analysed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and immunoassays, respectively. We used an integrative bioinformatic pipeline to reveal host and microbe contributions to the metabolome and to comprehensively assess the link between HPV, microbiota, inflammation and cervical disease. Findings: Metabolic analysis yielded 475 metabolites with known identities. Unique metabolic fingerprints discriminated patient groups from healthy controls. Three-hydroxybutyrate, eicosenoate, and oleate/vaccenate discriminated (with excellent capacity) between cancer patients versus the healthy participants. Sphingolipids, plasmalogens, and linoleate positively correlated with genital inflammation. Non-Lactobacillus dominant communities, particularly in high-grade dysplasia, perturbed amino acid and nucleotide metabolisms. Adenosine and cytosine correlated positively with Lactobacillus abundance and negatively with genital inflammation. Glycochenodeoxycholate and carnitine metabolisms connected non-Lactobacillus dominance to genital inflammation. Interpretation: Cervicovaginal metabolic profiles were driven by cancer followed by genital inflammation, HPV infection, and vaginal microbiota. This study provides evidence for metabolite-driven complex host-microbe interactions as hallmarks of cervical cancer with future translational potential. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Flinn Foundation [1974]; Banner Foundation in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research; National Institutes of Health NCI [P30 CA023074]Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Fate of agrochemicals in wood chip denitrifying reactors and their impacts on wood chip microbial ecology

Subsurface tile drainage systems have contributed towards increasing agricultural production, but have also contributed towards water pollution by rapidly transporting excessive nutrient and agrochemicals to surface water and ground water. One of the pollution control strategies is to treat the tile drainage water or the contaminated subsurface water with denitrifying bioreactors. Wood chips have been used in denitrifying bioreactors, providing organic carbon and attachment surface area for denitrifiers. The focus of this research is to investigate fate of agrochemicals in wood chips from the in situ reactors and their potential effects on denitrification and the denitrifiers. The selected agrochemicals for study are atrazine, enrofloxacin, monensin and sulfamethazine. Partition coefficients of atrazine, enrofloxacin, monensin and sulfamethazine were determined by single–point sorption experiments by using wood chips from an in situ reactor. Of the four chemicals tested, enrofloxacin had the highest partition coefficient (Kow) while sulfamethazine had the lowest. Atrazine and monensin had moderate sorption coefficients. In addition, partition coefficients for the four chemicals for wood chips were larger than the partition coefficients for soils obtained close to the in situ reactor. Freundlich distribution coefficients (Kf) for isotherm studies for the four chemicals were in the order of (highest to lowest): enrofloxacin > monensin > atrazine > sulfamethazine. Desorption hysteresis were found for enrofloxacin, atrazine and sulfamethazine when the wood chips were desorbed by water. For monensin, the desorption aqueous phase concentrations were larger than the adsorption aqueous phase content. A possible reason for the larger desorption concentration was that the monensin adsorbed onto wood chips were on the eternal surface of the wood chips due to its larger molecular structure which allowed monensin to be easily desorbed. Only 5% of enrofloxacin, 14% of monensin, 23% of sulfamethazine and 25% of atrazine were recovered from the wood chips after two desorption and an acetonitrile–water extraction indicating the strong binding of the chemicals onto wood chips. Degradation studies with atrazine, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethazine onto wood chips indicate that a large majority of the chemical mass was removed from the aqueous phase within the first 48 hours followed by a slow removal over time. Dissipation rates were estimated using the availability-adjusted first-order degradation model. Disappearance of sulfamethazine was slower than disappearance of enrofloxacin and atrazine. No impact on denitrifiers as measured by the denitrification potential assays, most-probable-number (MPN) and nosZ1 copy number was found for atrazine at an initial concentration of 5 mg L-1. The MPN was reduced under enrofloxacin treatment after 2 days of the incubation; however, at the end of the experiment the denitrifier MPN was similar to control treatment MPN. Sulfamethazine was found to initially impact the denitrification (both MPN, nosZ1 copy number and denitrification potential) but after 5 days the denitrification potential assays, most-probable–number (MPN) and nosZ1 copy number were found to be similar to that of the control.</p

Obedient Domestic Wives or Autonomous Social Actors? Constructions of Womanhood in Late Medieval and Early Modern Ottoman Religious Discourses, Literary Texts, and Manuscript Illustrations

This dissertation examines the various constructions of Muslim womanhood in early modern Ottoman society. Centering the discussion around the transformation of Islam and using the confessionalization paradigm as a heuristic tool, this dissertation argues that in the seventeenth century particular manuscript pieces found in mecmuas (religious compilations; The Story: This Story Declares the Rights of Men Over Women, These Hadiths Proclaim the Conditions/States of Women, The Testament of the Prophet for Fâtıma and a sermon/testament [vasiyyet] of Kadızade Mehmed Efendi) propagated a husband-centric and domestically oriented Islam for women. These manuscript pieces are numerous and found in various libraries in Turkey and Bosnia. This discourse created greater intolerance, a punitive character, and restricted practices for Muslim women, which is strikingly different from the idealized image of Muslim womanhood constructed in pre-sixteenth-century epic religious narratives (Epic of the Girl, Epic of the Woman, and Epic of Fâtıma) written in Old Anatolian Turkish. By comparing pre-sixteenth-century religious texts with those from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and discussing a book about Sufi woman written for Hatice Turhan Sultan (A Sultanic Gift), this dissertation shows the shifts that happened over time in the construction of idealized Muslim womanhood in religious texts. Since it is crucial to acknowledge that religious texts were not the only medium constructing womanhood, this study also incorporates diverse literary and visual sources produced in the late medieval and early modern periods to illustrate the multifaceted constructions of womanhood in Ottoman society, which offers a more in-depth and nuanced understanding of the topic. By gendering the transformation of Ottoman Islam, this research addresses a significant gap in existing literature and provides a nuanced comprehension of the construction of womanhood in early modern Ottoman society

Microbiome après une chirurgie bariatrique et connaissances microbiennes sur la perte de poids chirurgicale

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic accompanied by multiple comorbidities. Bariatric surgery is currently the most efficient treatment for morbid obesity and its comorbidities. The etiology of obesity is unknown, although genetic, environmental, and most recently, microbiome elements have been recognized as contributors to this rising epidemic. The role of the gut microbiome in weight-loss or weight-gain warrantsinvestigation, and bariatric surgery provides a good model to study influences of the microbiome on host metabolism. The underlying goals of my research were to analyze (i) the factors that change the microbiome after bariatric surgery, (ii) the effects of different types of bariatric surgeries on the gut microbiome and metabolism, (iii) the role of the microbiome on the success of bariatric surgery, and (iv) temporal and spatial changes of the microbiome after bariatric surgery. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) rearranges the gastrointestinal tract and reduces gastric acid secretions. Therefore, pH could be one of the factors that change microbiome after RYGB. Using mixed-cultures and co-cultures of species enriched after RYGB, I showed that as small as 0.5 units higher gut pH can aid in the survival of acid sensitive microorganisms after RYGB and alter gut microbiome function towards the production of weight loss associated metabolites. By comparing microbiome after two different bariatric surgeries, RYGB and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), I revealed that gut microbiome structure and metabolism after RYGB are remarkably different than LAGB, and LAGB change microbiome minimally. Given the distinct RYGB alterations to the microbiome, I examined the contribution of the microbiome to weight loss. Analyses revealed that Fusobacterium might lessen the success of RYGB by producing putrescine, which may enhance weight-gain and could serve as biomarker for unsuccessful RYGB. Finally, I showed that RYGB alters the luminal and the mucosal microbiome. Changes in gut microbial metabolic products occur in the short-term and persist over the long-term. Overall, the work in this dissertation provides insight into how the gut microbiome structure and function is altered after bariatric surgery, and how these changes potentially affect the host metabolism. These findings will be helpful in subsequent development of microbiome-based therapeutics to treat obesity.L'obésité est une épidémie mondiale accompagnée de multiples comorbidités. La chirurgie bariatrique est actuellement le traitement le plus efficace de l'obésité morbide et de ses comorbidités. L’étiologie de l’obésité est inconnue, bien que des éléments génétiques, environnementaux et, plus récemment, du microbiome aient été reconnus comme contribuant à cette épidémie croissante. Le rôle du microbiome intestinal dans la perte ou la prise de poids est justifiéL’investigation et la chirurgie bariatrique constituent un bon modèle pour étudier les influences du microbiome sur le métabolisme de l’hôte. Les objectifs sous-jacents de mes recherches étaient d'analyser (i) les facteurs qui modifient le microbiome après une chirurgie bariatrique, (ii) les effets de différents types de chirurgies bariatriques sur le microbiome intestinal et le métabolisme, (iii) le rôle du microbiome sur le succès de la chirurgie bariatrique, et (iv) changements temporels et spatiaux du microbiome après une chirurgie bariatrique. Le pontage gastrique Roux-en-Y (RYGB) réorganise le tractus gastro-intestinal et réduit les sécrétions d'acide gastrique. Par conséquent, le pH pourrait être l’un des facteurs qui modifient le microbiome après le RYGB. En utilisant des cultures mixtes et des co-cultures d'espèces enrichies après le RYGB, j'ai montré qu'un pH intestinal aussi petit que 0,5 unité plus élevé peut contribuer à la survie des micro-organismes sensibles aux acides après le RYGB et modifier la fonction du microbiome intestinal vers la production de métabolites associés à la perte de poids. En comparant le microbiome après deux chirurgies bariatriques différentes, le RYGB et l'anneau gastrique réglable laparoscopique (LAGB), j'ai révélé que la structure et le métabolisme du microbiome intestinal après le RYGB sont remarquablement différents de ceux du LAGB, et que le LAGB modifie le microbiome de manière minime. Compte tenu des altérations distinctes du RYGB dans le microbiome, j’ai examiné la contribution du microbiome à la perte de poids. Les analyses ont révélé que Fusobacterium pourrait diminuer le succès du RYGB en produisant de la putrescine, ce qui pourrait améliorer la prise de poids et pourrait servir de biomarqueur en cas d'échec du RYGB. Enfin, j’ai montré que le RYGB altère le microbiome luminal et muqueux. Les changements dans les produits métaboliques microbiens intestinaux se produisent à court terme et persistent à long terme. Dans l’ensemble, les travaux de cette thèse donnent un aperçu de la manière dont la structure et la fonction du microbiome intestinal sont modifiées après une chirurgie bariatrique, et de la manière dont ces changements affectent potentiellement le métabolisme de l’hôte. Ces résultats seront utiles au développement ultérieur de thérapies basées sur le microbiome pour traiter l’obésité

Sosyal Medya Bağlamında Gündüz Kuşağı Televizyon Programlarının İzleyici Profili

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Müzik Aracılığı ile Türk Kültüründe Doktor Algısı

Giriş: Sözlü müzik, insanların duygularını ve düşüncelerini yansıtan önemli araçlardan biridir. Müzik, ayrıca duyguları harekete geçirerek insanı ve toplumu etkileme gücüne de sahiptir. Bireylerin, doktora bakışı ve doktordan beklentileri de o kültüre ait olan müzik içerisinde kendini gösterir. Öte yandan, topluma veya halk kültürüne mal olmuş bir müzik eseri içerisinde yer alan ifadeler ise toplumun doktora bakışını etkileyebilir. Amaç: Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de toplumsal kültürün önemli bir parçası olan şarkı ve türküler içerisinde Doktor, Hekim ve Tabip sözcükleri bulunan müzik eserleri incelenerek, bu eserlere doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak yansıtılmış olan hasta-hekim ilişkisinin niteliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma tanımlayıcı tipte bir araştırmadır. Doktor, Hekim ve Tabip kelimelerinin yer aldığı şarkı/türküler belirlenmiş ve kategorize edilmiştir. Bulgular: İncelenen 190 eserde Doktor, Hekim ve Tabip kelimelerinin yer aldığı ifadeler çare bulamayan/tedavi edemeyen ve çare bulması/tedavi etmesi beklenen şeklinde ana iki kategoriye ayrılmıştır. Bu iki grup dışında kalan yirmi iki eser ise diğer grup olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç: Müzik eserlerinin ve içerisinde yer alan sözlerin, zamanın süzgecinden damıtılarak yıllar içerisinde oluşan bir birikimle meydana gelen toplumsal kolektif bilinci yansıttığı dikkate alınacak olursa, türkülerde yer alan hekim algısının, sağlık politikaları ve sosyal medyanın saman alevi gibi hareketlilik gösteren gündeminden etkilenen anlık bir bakıştan ziyade, o halkın kültüründeki uzun süreli ve kalıcı hekim algısını daha gerçekçi bir şekilde yansıttığı düşünülebilir