Non-destructive techniques for structural characterization of cultural heritage: A pilot case study

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Comportamento nel medio e lungo periodo di strutture in FRP

Gli edifici sono direttamente ed indirettamente responsabili di circa il 32%-35% dell'uso globale di energia e del 19%-40% delle emissioni globali di gas serra legate all'energia. Mitigare il potenziale di riscaldamento globale (GWP) causato dagli edifici è quindi importante per raggiungere gli obiettivi climatici definiti durante la Cop26 di Glasgow1. La valutazione del ciclo di vita (LCA) è stata usata fin dagli anni '80,e solo intorno agli anni ‘90 la valutazione inizia ad essere standardizzata con riferimento agli edifici. Nonostante gli sforzi verso la standardizzazione e un numero crescente di casi studio, rimangono una serie di questioni metodologiche sulla costruzione dell’ LCA. Una di queste è l'importanza legata alla formulazione di ipotesi sulla futura manutenzione e sostituzione dei materiali da costruzione. La manutenzione ei processi di sostituzione durante il ciclo di vita di un edificio sono responsabili di una grande parte del GWP, quindi è importante accertarsi che siano assunte ipotesi appropriate in merito alla frequenza e alla portata questi processi. In tal senso, se la ricerca si inserisce nell’ambito della valutazione delle prestazioni strutturali e in termini di durabilità di costruzioni interamente realizzate in composito fibrorinforzato pultruso (FRP- Fiber Reinforced Polymer). Attualmente, largo uso del materiale fibrorinforzato, sia sottoforma di reti, di profili pultrusi, di barre e lamine, si riscontra nella riqualificazione edilizia e nelle nuove costruzioni. Si tratta, in generale, di un argomento di grande attualità a livello internazionale,nell’ambito dell’International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), nonché nell’ambito dell’International Standardization Organization (ISO). Obiettivo della ricerca è dunque, l’implementazione di metodi e strumenti di valutazione della durabilità attraverso la sperimentazione su materiali e componenti edilizi innovativi.Buildings are directly and indirectly responsible for about 32%-35% of global energy use and 19%-40% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigating the global warming potential (GWP) caused by buildings is therefore important to achieve the climate goals set during Cop26 in Glasgow1. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used since the 1980s,and only around the 1990s did the assessment begin to be standardized with reference to buildings. Despite efforts toward standardization and an increasing number of case studies, there remain a number of methodological issues about the construction of LCA. One of these is the importance associated with making assumptions about the future maintenance and replacement of building materials. Maintenance and replacement processes during the life cycle of a building are responsible for a large portion of the GWP, so it is important to make sure that appropriate assumptions are made regarding the frequency and extent these processes. This is the case if the research is in the context of evaluating the structural performance and in terms of durability of buildings made entirely of pultruded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP- Fiber Reinforced Polymer) composite. Currently, wide use of the fiber-reinforced material, whether in the form of nets, pultruded profiles, bars and foils, is found in building rehabilitation and new construction. This is, in general, a hot topic internationally,within the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), as well as within the International Standardization Organization (ISO). The objective of the research is therefore, the implementation of methods and tools for durability assessment through experimentation on innovative building materials and components

Maintenance of All FRP pultruded structures. A case Study

FRP composites material in civil engineering are by now characterized by wide applications and case studies. Neverthless, FRP pultruded elements, generally made by glass fibres, have seen limited use in construction and structures for decades. Due to the need to rapidly built new structures and retrofit or rehabilitate deteriorating infrastructure, the potential for the use of fiber-reinforced materials in construction is being implemented in recent years. By the way, a lot of material tests have been proposed in the literature and in the field of the design by testing approach. But not enough investigated are mechanical tests performed on their behavior in relation with maintenance processes such as those proposed below. The study focuses on a case study related to an all FRP structures made by pultruded profiles whose construction has been characterized by maintenance actions and in situ check; the steucture is subjected in their service life to alternating loads or cyclic loads.In detail, this research analyzes structural maintenance process and maintenance tests – still in absence of specific clear technical recommendations - performed using also the Acoustic Emission monitoring technique

FRP pultruded material as Reinforcement for masonry: Expected interaction in the Medium and long Time

Masonry buildings are still very common in the area with high seismic zone, such as the Mediterranean countries and other areas of the world recently hit by earthquakes of considerable intensity. The structural reinforcement of the masonry load-bearing elements is often necessary to increase their seismic resistance, also underway to modern regulatory codes. The use of FRP materials (fiber-reinforced polymers), produced by the pultrusion process, is for these purposes of a possible solutions. FRP pultruded structural elements could enhance the seismic capacity of the reinforced masonry structure and represent an advantage. The application of these materials in the field of structural reinforcement, takes place by gluing with appropriate adhesives or by bolting on the element to be reinforced. The aim of our research is the evaluation of the life cycle (LCA) of FRP glued a halted to the masonry. In detail, the research shows the final experimental results, related to the residual mechanical performance of pultruded samples subject to induced aging

Detection of 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake Effects on Collemaggio Church through Experimental Surveys

Ten years after the earthquake that affected central Italy in 2009, noninvasive investigations were carried out in L’Aquila on the Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio. These were conducted to characterize the ground from a site-response point of view. The study consisted of 11 ambient noise recordings using the Nakamura technique and distributed along two profiles: one longitudinal to the central nave and one transverse. Analyzing the results, it was possible to determine the frequency of the vibration of the ground. After comparison with data from previous literature, it was possible to graph the contrasting sections of the impedance of the subsoil up to about 300 m depth (bedrock) drawing on a passive seismic survey from the single station. Furthermore, sonic tests were performed on the 14 octagonal columns of the central nave. The data were compared with those collected 10 years earlier (post earthquake) and with postearthquake structural restorations. The new tests show an increase of velocity in the resistant sections of the pillars subjected to the structural consolidation

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance heptamaloxyloglucan

Abstract The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, France, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Spain, for the pesticide active substance heptamaloxyloglucan and the considerations as regards the inclusion of the substance in Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of heptamaloxyloglucan as a plant elicitor on grapevines for protection against frost damage (field use). The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are not identified

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Trichoderma atroviride strain AGR2

Abstract The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, France, for the pesticide active substance Trichoderma atroviride strain AGR2 and the considerations as regards the inclusion of the substance in Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of Trichoderma atroviride strain AGR2 as a fungicide on winter and spring oil seed rape (field use). The reliable endpoints, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are identified

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance rimsulfuron

Abstract The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Slovenia, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Finland, for the pesticide active substance rimsulfuron are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of rimsulfuron as an herbicide on maize, potato and tomato and updated following the request to update the risk assessment of rimsulfuron in view of the renewal process under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified