Optogenetics, A Futuristic Panacea in Genetics

AbstractOptogenetics is the constellation of optics, genetics and bioengineering which unites genetic engineering with optics to notice and manage the function of genetically targeted groups of cells with light, often in the intact animal, via light-sensitive microbial membrane proteins (opsins). Light-sensitive genes specifically including the genetically targeted light-gated channels channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR) result in intracellular ion flow during optical illumination. Afterward, the neurons encounter a series of changes resulting from membrane depolarization or hyperpolarization. Although the rooted origins of optogenetics is from neuroscience, it can be potentially applied in neuropsychocardioncology (neurology, psychiatry, oncology, and cardiology).This critical review will explicate a comprehensive summary of the roles of optogenetics in the field of neuropsychocardioncology.Optogenetics can be potentially developed as neuroprosthetics and direct NpHR in the management of spastic movement disorders. Optogenetics can control of larynx muscle contraction in vivo, using both transgenic ChR2 expressing mice and viral transduction of muscle.In epilepsy, the efficacy of optogenetics is proved. Pyramidal cells in the cortex were transduced with halorhodopsin, and photoinhibition of the neurons decreased electrical seizure activity. Optogenetic and DREADD technologies are in their early stages, particularly with respect to PD research or therapy.In autism and schizophrenia, behavioral deficits may arise from elevation in the cellular balance of excitation/inhibition (E/I balance) within neuronal microcircuits. This hypothesis was tested by optogenetically elevating the E/I balance in the medial-prefrontal cortex using a step-function opsin (SSFO), together with red-shifted opsins (C1V1). Increased excitation in excitatory pyramidal neurons, lead to social-cognitive dysfunctioning which are similar to those seen in autism. Cortical gamma oscillations are an indicator of enhanced information processing, which is highly affected in schizophrenic patients.Using optogenetic technology, researchers divulge the characterization of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in Rac1-dependent lamellipodial motility in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. PI3K, acting downstream of Rac1, has an important role in the initiation of lamellipodial extension, which underlies prostate cancer cell invasion and metastasis. As in Parkinson, human cells can be engineered to deliver the excitatory (hM3Dq receptor) and/or the inhibitory (hM4Di receptor) form so that cellular activity may be turned up or down.The optogenetic TCU (tandem-cell-unit) strategy can be valuable in appraising tissue graft integration and cell delivery in the myocardium during cardiac tissue repair procedures. Low-energy pacing strategies can be srutinized by optogenetic investigations. Specifically, optical stimulation can be aimed for strategic structures of the conduction system.   Optogenetic studies have already contributed to a better understanding of the neural circuits affected in many disorders. A conceptual and mutual understanding of multidisciplinary approaches and collaboration will enable researchers, clinicians, stakeholders, government develop and apply optogenetics in comprehensive medical services and health care.Keywords: optogenetics, opsins, neuropsychocardioncology, SSFO, DREADD, TCU.

Bionanomedicine: A “Panacea” In Medicine?

Recent advances in nanotechnology, biotechnology, bioinformatics, and materials science have prompted novel developments in the field of nanomedicine. Enhancements in the theranostics, computational information, and management of diseases/disorders are desperately required. It may now be conceivable to accomplish checked improvements in both of these areas utilising nanomedicine. This scientific and concise review concentrates on the fundamentals and potential of nanomedicine, particularly nanoparticles and their advantages, nanoparticles for siRNA conveyance, nanopores, nanodots, nanotheragnostics, nanodrugs and targeting mechanisms, and aptamer nanomedicine. The combination of various scientific fields is quickening these improvements, and these interdisciplinary endeavours to have significant progressively outstretching influences on different fields of research. The capacities of nanomedicine are immense, and nanotechnology could give medicine a completely new standpoint

LncRNAs in CONDBITs perspectives, from genetics towards theranostics

LncRNAs (Long noncoding RNAs) are novel group of ncRNAs and has been discovered to be pervasively transcripted in the genome, characterized as endogenous cellular RNAs consist of more than 200 nucleotides. They are ordered in view of function, transcript length, relation with protein-coding genes and other functional DNA elements, and subcellular localization. Theranostics is a novel study in medicine that combines specific targeted biomolecules based upon molecular-based test. As novel finding in the field of molecular medicine, lncRNA is indispensable tools in theranostics based medicine that allows specific targeting of molecular pathway for diagnostics and therapeutics. LncRNAs may execute as signals, decoys, guides, and scaffolds in their natural capacities. LncRNA expression is controlled by transcriptional and epigenetic factors and processes. LncRNAs also relate detracting biological programs. Here we reviewed lncRNAs in disorders/diseasest horoughly based on CONDBITs perspectives, i.e.: cardiology, oncology, neurology and neuroscience, dermatology, the biology of molecular and bioinformatics, immunology, and technologies (related with “-omics”; transcriptomics and “nano”; nanotechnology). It was narrated the lncRNA biomarkers that abundant in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, dermatology, and immunology perspective. However, as cancer is the most widely studied disease, more biomarkers are available for this particular case. There are abundant cancer-associated lncRNAs. The most frequent learned lncRNA molecules in cancer are HOTAIR, MALAT1, LincRNA-p21, H19, GAS5, ANRIL, MEG3, XIST, HULC. LncRNAs in cancer diagnosis and monitoring, e.g.: H19 and AA174084 (gastric), HULC (hepatocellular), PCA3 (prostate). Prognostic lncRNAs, e.g.: HOTAIR and NKILA (breast), MEG3 (meningioma), NBAT-1 (neuroblastoma), SCHLAP1 (prostate). LncRNAs predicting therapeutic responsiveness, e.g.: CCAT1 (colorectal), HOTAIR (ovarian). Thus, it is concluded that the CONDBIT perspective is useful to describe the encouraging outlook of this transcriptomics-based medicinal approach

Increasing flour whiteness index on Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson flour production by sodium metabisulfite

This research aims to increase flour whiteness index to foot elephant yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) flour along the production process. The chemical agents used in this research were sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) and ethanol. The corms were treated by soakeing in sodium metabisulfite 4% (w/v) for 3 hours, adding with ethanol 96% at a ratio of 1:2 and then blended with a speed of about 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes then filtered, and blanching into sodium metabisulfite 4% (w/v) for 3 minutes. The result showed that using  Na2S2O5 4% (w/v) as a chemical agent on the initial production of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius flour was able to produce flour with the highest whiteness index. Therefore, this method will produce Amorphophallus paeoniifolius flour more applicable for the diversity of the food industry, especially noodles, biscuits, and bakery

The strategy of provision of CPO raw material (case study: PT. Mamuang Pasangkayu North Mamuju Regency)

continuity of the production process in a company will be influenced by various factors, including: capital, technology, supplies of raw materials, finished goods and labor supply. Inventory as elements of working capital is an asset that is always in a state of spinning. Supplies are also elements of seamless assets that are always considered liquid compared with other asset elements such as cash, Receivables, and marketable securities. Adequate supply of raw materials can accelerate the production process. So that the resulting finished goods can assure the effectiveness of marketing activities. PT. Mamuang Pasangkayu (North Mamuju Regency) as one of palm oil plantation management under the PT Astra Indonesia. Oil Palm Factory owned by PT Mamuang is one unit where MCC Mamuang currently acquires supplies from its core gardens and plasma gardens. PT Mamuang Pasangkayu was established in June 2006 and produced CPO/crude palm oil and PK/palm kernel. At the beginning of the factory, raw materials were obtained from several CV and Pasangkayu PTP Garden. Pt. Mamuang Pasangkayu still has constraints in its business that the production of a garden they have not enough to fulfill the needs of the factory while the supply from other gardens is not much because of the new rejuvenation process. In addition to the supply of FFB (fresh fruit bunch) acquired, since September 2007 is no longer brought to the furnace RIMDU because of consideration of large transportation costs. Moreover, changes in the CPO price in the world market also affect the number of demand and supply. Fluctuations in CPO prices affect the manufacturing process. This will also affect the amount of production produced. Price increases and price declines require rapid anticipation so that the company can adapt to the changes that occur

BUDIDAYA LEBAH TRIGONA PADA KUPS KTH BUTTU PUANG

Keberadaan KUPS lebah madu pada KTH buttu puang yang sangat bergantung pada hasil hutan berupa madu  yang ada pada kawasan hutan lindung, salah satu jenis madu yang diproduksi berasal dari lebah Trigona sp. Dengan metode destruktif (menebang pohon yang terdapat sarang lebah pada lubang batang) masyarakat mengeksploitasi madu tersebut sehingga hal ini memberi peluang terdegradasinya fungsi lindung kawasan hutan di Desa Mirring. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dilakukan kegiatan budidaya lebah madu trigona dengan melatih beberapa anggota KUPS membuat stup, persiapan pakan, pemindahan koloni hingga memanen maudu.  Hasil kegiatan ini masyarakat KUPS lebah madu KTH Buttu Puang telah mampu membuat stup, menyiapkan pakan, memcah koloni, dan memanen madu dangan tidak merusak sarang lebah Trigona sp. Sebagai wujud keberhasilan dan stimulus keberlanjutan kegiatan tersebut dilakukan dengan membangun Demplot (demo plot) budidaya lebah Trigona sp

Reduced Prefrontal Synaptic Connectivity and Disturbed Oscillatory Population Dynamics in the CNTNAP2 Model of Autism

Loss-of-function mutations in CNTNAP2 cause a syndromic form of autism spectrum disorder in humans and produce social deficits, repetitive behaviors, and seizures in mice. However, the functional effects of these mutations at cellular and circuit levels remain elusive. Using laser-scanning photostimulation, whole-cell recordings, and electron microscopy, we found a dramatic decrease in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs onto L2/3 pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of Cntnap2 knockout (KO) mice, concurrent with reduced spines and synapses, despite normal dendritic complexity and intrinsic excitability. Moreover, recording of mPFC local field potentials (LFPs) and unit spiking in vivo revealed increased activity in inhibitory neurons, reduced phase-locking to delta and theta oscillations, and delayed phase preference during locomotion. Excitatory neurons showed similar phase modulation changes at delta frequencies. Finally, pairwise correlations increased during immobility in KO mice. Thus, reduced synaptic inputs can yield perturbed temporal coordination of neuronal firing in cortical ensembles

An inhibitory pull-push circuit in frontal cortex.

Push-pull is a canonical computation of excitatory cortical circuits. By contrast, we identify a pull-push inhibitory circuit in frontal cortex that originates in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons. During arousal, VIP cells rapidly and directly inhibit pyramidal neurons; VIP cells also indirectly excite these pyramidal neurons via parallel disinhibition. Thus, arousal exerts a feedback pull-push influence on excitatory neurons-an inversion of the canonical push-pull of feedforward input

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