632 research outputs found
The game of goodwill: an exploratory study of discursive goodwill strategies of interest organizations in a consensus democracy
publishedVersio
Political public relations and strategic framing
acceptedVersio
Chapter 7 Political Public Relations and Strategic Framing
Frames advance coherent interpretations of issues that suggest specific problem definitions, causes, moral evaluations, and courses of action. As such, frames highlight certain aspects of an issue, and downplay or ignore others. While the use of frames is inevitableâi.e., the act of framingâactors do use frames strategically in their attempts to define issues in a way favorable to them and in their efforts to influence the course of action on issues. This is especially the case in the political realm. Thus, strategic framing is crucial to political public relations. This chapter offers a brief introduction to framing theory before shedding light on the specific ways in which political actors use frames strategically and to what effect
Using Rhetorical Situations to Examine and Improve Vaccination Communication
Opinion polls have documented a considerable public skepticism towards a COVID-19 vaccine. Seeking to address the vaccine skepticism challenge this essay surveys the research on vaccine hesitancy and trust building through the lens of the rhetorical situation and points towards five broad principles for a content strategy for public health communicators in regards to vaccination: 1) vaccine hesitancy is not irrational per se; 2) messages should be tailored to the various hesitancy drivers; 3) what is perceived as trustworthy is situational and constantly negotiated; 4) in areas of uncertainty where no exact knowledge exists, the character of the speaker becomes more important; and 5) the trustworthiness of the speaker can be strengthened through finding some common groundâsuch as shared feelings or accepted premisesâwith the audience. Such common insights are on offer in the literature on rhetoric and persuasion and linked here with the research on vaccine communication and trust focusing specifically on the latter and character
Manufacturing Humanitarian Imagery: Explaining Norwegian Refugee Councilâs Public Communication Strategies Toward the Syrian and Central African Crises
As refugee organizationsâ communication can influence public perceptions, this study analyzes the underlying motivations and practices. To explain Norwegian Refugee Councilâs (NRC) public communication strategies toward the recent Syrian and Central African crises, we conducted a 3-week office ethnography at its main communication department, interviewed 10 communication officers, and analyzed key communication policy documents. First, NRCâs discursive strategies are molded by medium-based and/or context-sensitive routines, organizational goals and trends, and challenging institutional and societal contexts. Second, NRCâs crisis foci are institutionally shaped through the âVicious Neglected Crisis Circle effect,â which is reinforced and/or limited by organizational and individual (counter) incentives, sensitive contexts, and context-sensitive routines. Third, NRCâs choice of represented forcibly displaced people is influenced by various selection criteria and sociodemographic-specific reasons. Thus, complex organizational, institutional, and societal contexts largely shape public communication strategies, suggesting that reflexivity and structural institutional changes are essential to achieve more balanced, representative humanitarian imageries
Chapter 7 Political Public Relations and Strategic Framing
Frames advance coherent interpretations of issues that suggest specific problem definitions, causes, moral evaluations, and courses of action. As such, frames highlight certain aspects of an issue, and downplay or ignore others. While the use of frames is inevitableâi.e., the act of framingâactors do use frames strategically in their attempts to define issues in a way favorable to them and in their efforts to influence the course of action on issues. This is especially the case in the political realm. Thus, strategic framing is crucial to political public relations. This chapter offers a brief introduction to framing theory before shedding light on the specific ways in which political actors use frames strategically and to what effect
Public Ethos in the Pandemic Rhetorical Situation:Strategies for Building Trust in Authoritiesâ Risk Communication
As illustrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, risk and crisis communication are crucial responsibilities of modern governments. Existing research on risk and crisis communication points to the importance of trust, both as a resource in and an end goal of communicative activities. In this paper, we argue that revisiting the classical rhetorical concept of ethos in combination with the modern concept of the rhetorical situation can contribute to fitting responses in risk and crisis communication. The paper examines how appeals to ethos may build trust in health authoritiesâ public communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through interviews and participant observation in public health institutions that handle the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway, the paper finds that understanding the rhetorical situation of the pandemic allows for a better understanding of the available means of persuasion. For instance, through the active communication of transparency and independence when faced by uncertainty and rapidly changing information
Den sammensatte vei til ideskaping og ny kunnskap
Til alle tider har man vÊrt opptatt av hva som skjer nÄr nye erkjennelser leder oss frem til ny kunnskap. SpÞrsmÄlet om hvordan vi kommer frem til ny innsikt og hva som skjer nÄr vi settes pÄ sporet av en forklaring, har voldt mye hodebry. Denne oppgaven dreier seg om hvordan vi kommer pÄ de gode ideene.
Dette kan man diskutere pĂ„ mange mĂ„ter. Jeg har valgt Ă„ starte der jeg selv fikk ideen, i vitenskapsteori og filosofi â i begrepene induksjon og deduksjon. Jeg skal fĂžrst se nĂŠrmere pĂ„ noen av vĂ„re tenkere som satte sitt preg pĂ„ utviklingen av sĂ„ vel vitenskap som filosofi, deretter pĂ„ den retning innen psykologien som blant annet er blitt kalt vĂ„r nye underbevissthet.
I fÞrste halvdel av 1900-tallet vokste det frem en oppfatning av at vi har to forskjellige sammenhenger for henholdsvis oppdagelser og bekreftelse/avkreftelser. Ideene oppstÄr og blir til hypoteser, generaliseringer og teorier i context of discovery. Siden blir de prÞvet og testet i context of justification. Det fÞrste gjennom induksjon, det andre gjennom deduksjon med kunnskap som resultat.
SpÞrsmÄlet om hva som fÞlger med rasjonel og logisk nÞdvendighet, er et sentralt tema i oppgaven. SpÞrsmÄlet jeg stiller er om vi mÄ lete utenom de rasjonelle og logiske prosessene, for Ä fÄ svar pÄ hvordan ideene oppstÄr.
Hva skjedde nĂ„r Johannes Kepler (1571 â 1630) etter ti Ă„r fant ut at han skulle sjekke om en oval og til slutt elipseformen kan passe pĂ„ alle observasjonene han hadde av den rĂžde planeten Marsâ bane i rommet? Hva skjer nĂ„r Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) etter 34 Ă„r fikk det for seg at han ikke kan beskrive et fallende legemes akselerasjon med geometri alene, men mĂ„ trekke inn tid? Er det bare prĂžving og feiling pĂ„ mĂ„fĂ„ som gir Kepler ideen om Ă„ se pĂ„ elipseformen, og Galilei ideen om Ă„ mĂ„le tiden et legeme befinner seg i fritt fall, ikke bare avstanden det faller? Deres detaljerte skildringer av arbeidet de gjorde, tyder ikke pĂ„ at de lette pĂ„ mĂ„fĂ„.
De er grundig omtalt i boka Norwood Russell Hanson (1924 â 1967) ga ut i 1959 med tittelen Patterns of Discovery. MĂžnstergjenkjenningen som begrep slik Nils Faarlund (1937-) har betegnet det, passer godt pĂ„ prosessen der ideene oppstĂ„r utenfor i eller utenfor context of discovery alt ettersom vi Ă„pner for alogiske og arasjonelle prosesser eller ikke. Det er to sentrale sitater som tyder pĂ„ at det er nĂždvendig Ă„ gĂ„ utenfor de logiske og rasjonelle sporene for Ă„ svare pĂ„ hvordan ideene oppstĂ„r slik at ny kunnskap kan utvikles.
Albert Einstein (1879 â 1955) ga klart uttrykk for forskeren ikke kommer frem til naturens hemmeligheter uten intuisjon:
âZu den grossen Geheimnissen der Natur fĂŒhrt kein logischer Weg, sondern nur die auf EinfĂŒhlung in die Erfahrung sich stĂŒtzende Intuitionâ (Einstein, sitert i Faarlund 2007 s. 173).
John Dewey (1859 â 1952) var ogsĂ„ av dem som slo frempĂ„ at det mĂ„ noe mer til enn bare de logiske og rasjonelle slutningene, for Ă„ fĂ„ frem de gode ideene:
«Suggestion is the very heart of inference ; it involves going from what is present to something absent, it involves a leap, a jump, the propriety of which cannot be absolutely warranted in advance, no matter what precautions be takenâ (Dewey 1910 s. 75).
Dette har sin parallel i det David Hume (1711 â 1776) sa om at vĂ„r forestilling om Ă„rsak og virkning ikke fĂžrst og fremst hĂžrer hjemme i vĂ„r fornuftsbaserte tankevirksomhet.
PÄ 1970 tallet startet de to psykologene Amos Tversky (1937-1996) og Daniel Kahneman (1934 -) noen forsÞk som viste at selv de mest jordnÊre og rasjonelle av oss rett som det er kan ta beslutninger som vi tror er rasjonelle, men som ikke er det. Det vokste frem en oppfatning av at vi tenker i to systemer som lÞper samtidig, nÊrmest som to datamaskiner eller prosessorer. Den ene uten at vi er oss bevisst at vi tenker. Den andre tankeprosessen er vÄr rasjonelle fornuft. De to systemene pÄvirker hverandre og overstyrer hverandre uten at vi som regel merker at det skjer. De to tankesystemene fikk betegnelsen system 1og 2. Jeg skal se nÊrmere pÄ hvorvidt ideskapningen kan knyttes til et eller begge av disse systemene
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