Правова доктрина: поняття, ознаки, структура

    The conception of a «legal doctrine» is commonly used in domestic jurisprudence. At the same time, in legal science, particularly, in the theory of law, there are significant differences on awareness of the legal nature of a legal doctrine, determination of its concept and characteristics, the disclosure of its relationship and interaction with legal science, which predetermines the importance and timeliness of this research. Actuality of the working out of the legal doctrine is closely connected with the problem of determination of its place and role in the development of domestic law and legal system as a whole. It is important to determine the structure of a legal doctrine and establish the conditions under which scientific provisions acquire features peculiar to the doctrine and are used in various branches of state-legal practice. It is actual the determination of optimal approaches and forms of such its use as in lawmaking and enforcement of law so, in particular, in judicial practice. Works by S. Maksymov, R. Puzikov, F. Shecaira, M. Van Hoecke, A. Vasiliev, Y. Yevgrafova are noteworthy among modern scientists researching this problem.    A legal doctrine is the product of scientific activity, some kind of results of cognition of state-legal reality in a particular historical period. A legal doctrine is created as a result of carrying out of fundamental scientific researches connected with deep and a comprehensive analysis of the essence of the state-legal phenomena and processes and revealing of their objective laws of their appearance and development.    This is the main reason for its high authority, a prerequisite to legitimate doctrinal provisions in legal consciousness of jurists and, as a result, perception by legal practice. The main functions of a legal doctrine – the interpretation and systematization of law. It also has a prescriptive nature as law contains a vision how it should be that is, its imaginary ideal image, justifying the need and feasibility of consolidating the rule of law, the formation of new branches and institutions of law and their improvement or reformation. An important part of a legal doctrine is estimated and prognostic component that contains program provisions and is the result of a critical analysis of practices of state- and lawmaking. A legal doctrine being practically oriented as complex of scientific knowledge of law has a complex multilevel structure, elements of each level of this structure differ by level of abstraction and have different degrees of generalization.   This is firstly, partial legal doctrine – level of branch doctrinal elaborations in which thoroughly investigated certain areas of law: study their nature, peculiarities of formation, development trends and improved conceptual and categorical apparatus. Secondly, based on the systematization of branch doctrinal elaborations and their reflection and generalization it is formed general legal doctrine, the provisions of which are formulated in the abstract, most general form. Its core element is the doctrine on the sources of law and interpretation of legal rules and also argumentation theory. In modern legal systems of the Anglo-American law and Romano-Germanic law, as well as, in the domestic legal system, the legal doctrine – an integral part though non-normative element of the mechanism of legal regulation. It serves primarily as the ideological and theoretical foundation and theoretical core of rulemaking and promotes its correct understanding and application of legal orders.   On the basis of the determined features, the legal doctrine can be defined as, predetermined by the character of the legal culture of society, a complete and logically coordinated set of ideas recognized by the legal community and scientific views on law which is the basis of professional legal conscience and conceptual framework of rulemaking, enforcement of law and interpretation of law activity.Статья посвящена раскрытию природы правовой доктрины, определению ее признаков, структуры, содержания и места в системе источников права, установлению и общей характеристике условий обретения ею значения формы права, формулированию на этой основе общетеоретического понятия «правовая доктрина». Стаття присвячена визначенню природи правової доктрини, з’ясуванню її сутнісних ознак і структури, місця в системі джерел права, встановленню й загальній характеристиці умов набуття нею значення форми права, формулюванню на цій підставі загальнотеоретичного поняття «правова доктрина»

Numerical Simulation of Vertical Silicon Nanowires based Heterojunction Solar Cells

Abstract Nanowires (NWs) solar cells are expected to outperform the thin-film counterparts in terms of optical absorptance. In this theoretical study we optimize the geometry of vertical crystalline-amorphous silicon core-shell NW arrays on doped ZnO:Al (AZO)-Glass substrate by means of 3-D optical simulations in order to maximize the photon absorption. The optimized geometry is investigated by means of 3-D TCAD numerical simulation in order to calculate the ultimate efficiency and the main figures of merit by taking into account recombination losses. We show that optimized 10 μm-long crystalline – amorphous silicon core-shell (c-Si/a-Si/AZO/Glass) NWs can reach photo-generated current up to 22.94 mA/cm 2 (above 45% larger than that of the planar counterpart with the same amount of absorbing material) and conversion efficiency of 13.95%

Використання правової доктрини судовими органами

The specific features of the use of legal scholarship by the courts of Ukraine have been analyzed in the paper. The reasons of lack of the established practice of scholarly writings citation in court decisions have been considered.В статье анализируются особенности использования правовой доктрины судебными органами Украины. Охарактеризованы основные причины отсутствия устоявшейся практики цитирования в судебных решениях научных работ.У статті аналізуються особливості використання правової доктрини судовими органами України. Охарактеризовано основні причини відсутності усталеної практики цитування в судових рішеннях наукових праць

Advanced electro-optical simulation of nanowire-based solar cells

The improvement of solar cell efficiency requires device optimization, including the careful design of contacts and doping profiles, and the development of light trapping strategies. In this context, electro-optical numerical simulation is essential to analyze the physical mechanisms that limit the cell efficiency and lead to design trade-offs. In this work we discuss the application of advanced electro-optical simulation to the analysis of nanowire-based solar cells. We demonstrate the possibility to combine two numerical tools to perform the electro-optical simulation in order to investigate critical issues and potentialities of nanowires for photovoltaic applications. Thanks to the adopted simulation methodology, requiring relatively low computational resources, analyses involving extended ranges of geometrical and physical parameters are performed. Nanowire-based (NW) solar cells are expected to outperform the thin-film counterparts in terms of optical absorptance. In this theoretical study we optimize the geometry of vertical crystalline-amorphous silicon core-shell NW arrays on doped ZnO:Al glass substrate by means of 3-D optical simulations in order to maximize the photon absorption. The optimized geometry is then analyzed by means of 3-D TCAD electrical simulation in order to calculate the ultimate efficiency and the main figures of merit. We show that optimized crystalline-amorphous silicon core-shell (c-Si/a-Si/AZO/Glass) NWs featuring height in the micrometer range can reach photogenerated current up to 22.94 mA/cm2, approximately 40 % larger than that of the planar counterpart with the same amount of absorbing material, and maximum conversion efficiency close to 14 %