The Transition to Adulthood of the 1970-1985 Birth Cohort in Indonesia: Comparison of the Two Youngest Birth Cohorts Completing the Transition to Adulthood, and the Demographic and Socioeconomic Predictors of the Transition to Adulthood

Background The transition to adulthood is critical for future wellbeing and in determining whether Indonesia will reap the demographic dividend. There are gaps in the description of Indonesian youth's transition to adulthood and the identification of factors that affect the transition. Purpose The aims of the study were to: 1) Analyze the occurrence, timing, and sequencing of the events marking the transition to adulthood by sex and birth cohort; 2) Examine the individual and family-level predictors of the probability of the events marking the transition to adulthood; 3) Analyze the occurrence of migration for education or work reason by sex and birth cohort, and examine the individual and family-level determinants of the probability of migration for education or work reason; and 4) Examine the interdependency of the events marking the transition to adulthood Methods The study analyzed 9,748 individuals born between 1970 and 1985 who participated in the Indonesian Family Life Survey that has been conducted five times between 1993 and 2015. The discrete-time logit model was specified to estimate the conditional probability of the event and examine the effect of individual and family-level predictors. The multivariate probit model for leaving school, starting a job, and getting married was specified to examine the interdependence of the three events and account for the possible endogeneity of educational attainment in the probability of employment and marriage. Results The 1980-1985 birth cohort stayed longer in school and started full-time employment earlier compared to the 1970-1979 birth cohort. Women of the 1980-1985 birth cohort stayed single longer by pushing their marriage into the early twenties. The 1980-1985 birth cohort had higher odds to migrate to pursue education or employment. The majority of young people in this study followed a trajectory that is considered normative in Indonesia, i.e. finishing school first, followed by employment and marriage. Father's education was significantly associated with the probability of leaving school and starting a job for both sexes and the probability of getting married and giving birth for women. The decisions to leave school and to start working, and to leave school and to marry are interdependent for women. For men, the transitions out of school and to employment are interdependent. Conclusion The lives of Indonesian youth are changing in terms of their school and work participation and their mobility to pursue education and employment. Family background, particularly father's education, matters in the transition to adulthood. While the gaps in education and employment between sexes narrow; men and women experienced the transition to adulthood differently. This study offers additional insights for future research and policies on the transition to adulthood in Indonesia

Understanding the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, peer-violence perpetration, and gender norms among very young adolescents in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

Purpose: This study assesses the role of gender norms on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer-violence perpetration among very young adolescents in three urban poor cities of Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bandar Lampung, Denpasar, and Semarang in Indonesia. A total of 2,974 participants (boys: 44.79%, girls: 55.21%) between 10 and 14 years were included in the analysis. Logistic regression, mediation, and moderation analyses were conducted stratified by sex. Results: Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys and girls included three (boys: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–4.75; girls: aOR 1.82, 95% CI .95–3.52) and four or more (boys: aOR 6.75, 95% CI 3.86–11.80; girls: aOR 5.37, 95% CI 3.07–9.37) history of ACE. Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys included having inequitable sexual double standard (SDS) indices (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09–1.95). SDS measures the perception boys are rewarded for romantic relationship engagement, whereas girls are stigmatized or disadvantaged for the experience. Other risk factors included lifetime tobacco use among boys and girls and lifetime alcohol use among boys. Protective factors included parental closeness among girls. Conclusions: Based on the research in three Indonesian communities, this study demonstrates that boys are disproportionately exposed to adversities including history of ACE, inequitable SDS, lifetime alcohol use and tobacco use in comparison to girls. Programs targeting ACE and gender norms which engage boys, girls, and families are more likely to be successful in reducing peer-violence perpetration and promoting gender equitable norms

Age and gender trends in insecticide-treated net use in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis

Abstract Background The degree to which insecticide-treated net (ITN) supply accounts for age and gender disparities in ITN use among household members is unknown. This study explores the role of household ITN supply in the variation in ITN use among household members in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Data was from Malaria Indicator Surveys or Demographic and Health Surveys collected between 2011 and 2016 from 29 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The main outcome was ITN use the previous night. Other key variables included ITN supply (nets/household members), age and gender of household members. Analytical methods included logistic regressions and meta-regression. Results Across countries, the median (range) of the percentage of households with enough ITNs was 30.7% (8.5–62.0%). Crude analysis showed a sinusoidal pattern in ITN use across age groups of household members, peaking at 0–4 years and again around 30–40 years and dipping among people between 5–14 and 50+ years. This sinusoidal pattern was more pronounced in households with not enough ITNs compared to those with enough ITNs. ITN use tended to be higher in females than males in households with not enough ITNs while use was comparable among females and males in households with enough ITNs. After adjusting for wealth quintile, residence and region, among households with not enough ITNs in all countries, the odds of ITN use were consistently higher among children under 5 years and non-pregnant women 15–49 years. Meta-regressions showed that across all countries, the mean adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of ITN use among children under 5 years, pregnant and non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years and people 50 years and above was significantly higher than among men aged 15–49 years. Among these household members, the relationship was attenuated when there were enough ITNs in the household (dropping 0.26–0.59 points) after adjusting for geographical zone, household ITN supply, population ITN access, and ITN use:access ratio. There was no significant difference in mean aOR of ITN use among school-aged children compared to men aged 15–49 years, regardless of household ITN supply. Conclusions This study demonstrated that having enough ITNs in the household increases level of use and decreases existing disparities between age and gender groups. ITN distribution via mass campaigns and continuous distribution channels should be enhanced as needed to ensure that households have enough ITNs for all members, including men and school-aged children