Watchtowers, Mastic Contraband and Rural Communities in the Aegean Archipelago under Ottoman Sovereignty

The construction of watchtowers on the islands of the Aegean Archipelago was common practice for Western peoples in the context of a systematic effort to provide military protection for agricultural areas and the populations of their rich commercial colonies. After the weakening of these colonies and the arrival of the Ottomans, the watchtowers, known as viglae, continued to operate, as they were closely associated with the socio-economic, everyday life of the region’s residents. Using the case study of the community of 21 mastic-gathering villages (Mastihohoria) of south Chios, this article aims to: a) investigate the main and secondary objectives of the Ottoman administration in maintaining the operation of the viglae; b) study the system of operation of the viglae during the period of Ottoman rule; and c) explore the maintenance of viglae during this era. This article is based on qualitative research, as it studies documents found primarily in archival material, such as notarial acts, communal decisions, and correspondence between members of the Ottoman administration and community representatives, as well as other historical, travel and geographical resource

Watchtowers, Mastic Contraband and Rural Communities in the Aegean Archipelago under Ottoman Sovereignty

The construction of watchtowers on the islands of the Aegean Archipelago was common practice for Western peoples in the context of a systematic effort to provide military protection for agricultural areas and the populations of their rich commercial colonies. After the weakening of these colonies and the arrival of the Ottomans, the watchtowers, known as viglae, continued to operate, as they were closely associated with the socio-economic, everyday life of the region’s residents. Using the case study of the community of 21 mastic-gathering villages (Mastihohoria) of south Chios, this article aims to: a) investigate the main and secondary objectives of the Ottoman administration in maintaining the operation of the viglae; b) study the system of operation of the viglae during the period of Ottoman rule; and c) explore the maintenance of viglae during this era. This article is based on qualitative research, as it studies documents found primarily in archival material, such as notarial acts, communal decisions, and correspondence between members of the Ottoman administration and community representatives, as well as other historical, travel and geographical resource

Discussing and Analyzing “Maritime Cohesion” in MSP, to Achieve Sustainability in the Marine Realm

Whilst the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 promotes the conservation and sustainable use of the seas, oceans and marine resources for sustainable development, decisions in ecosystem-based Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) follow annoying and costly trade-offs and this may negatively impact its acceptance. To address conflicts and cumulative impacts and favor, as much as possible, interfering of marine activities, positive coordination and win-win options, it is necessary to develop integrated and cohesive planning approaches and new management tools. In this article, a conceptual framework of &ldquo maritime cohesion&rdquo is being developed mostly applicable to peopled and crowded seas and a set of relevant indicators to assess it, is proposed. It is based on the triple-model of interdependent components such as &ldquo maritime spatial efficiency&rdquo , &ldquo maritime spatial quality&rdquo and &ldquo maritime spatial identity&rdquo , taking into account the &ldquo territorial cohesion&rdquo equivalent, promoted by the Cohesion Policy. Then, in order to broadly analyze the &ldquo spatial efficiency&rdquo component, the &ldquo multi-use&rdquo concept and management tools, recently given particular emphasis by EU Blue Growth Strategy, are examined thoroughly, using the relevant literature. This article highlights constructive use of &ldquo with the multi-use MSP paradigm as key part of &ldquo narrative and posits that its huge and extensive potential can stimulate dynamic, collaborative, cohesive and assemblage thinking in the MSP process and be the &ldquo spearhead&rdquo to balance economic, social, environmental and cultural aspirations in maritime planning to achieve sustainability in the marine realm. Document type: Articl

Discussing the Role of Universities in Fostering Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Over the past two decades, various policies have been implemented on an international and national level to support regional competitiveness, in which Universities are often called on to play a crucial role. Taking into account their contribution to the combined performance of education, the advanced research and the networking of knowledge, Universities are recognized as knowledge-intensive institutions and environments that foster human capital development, innovation and entrepreneurship. According to the current practice, Universities include in their mission not only a generalized transfer of know-how, but also the promotion of business thinking and entrepreneurial culture, the establishment of institutions, actions as well as the creation of venture capital, thus contributing further to the promotion of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. By examining the entrepreneurship development in teaching and learning through the various actions of the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Units of the Greek Universities between 2011 and 2015, the present article aims at assessing the contribution of the Greek Universities to the fostering of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems, making a comparative evaluation of them and strengthening the role of the Greek Universities in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. Firstly, the theoretical approaches of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems as well as the role of Universities in Regional Development are examined and analyzed. Secondly, it is attempted to record the role of the Greek Universities through the collection and processing of innovation information and actions, utilizing, as a case study, the structures of the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Units. Thirdly, taking into account the results of the research, proposals for the national and regional policy are made

NEW APPROACHES IN SEMISYNTHESIS OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS

Η ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΙ ΜΙΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ ΠΑΝΩ ΣΤΗ ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΕΝΩΣΕΩΝ ΜΕ ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΝΔΙΑΦΕΡΟΝ. ΑΡΧΙΚΑ ΓΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΑ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΤΙΒΙΟΤΙΚΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΔΙΚΟΤΕΡΑ Σ'ΑΥΤΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΜΙΝΟΓΛΥΚΟΖΙΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΙΣ ΠΡΟΣΠΑΘΕΙΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΓΙΝΑΝ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΤΡΟΠΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ ΤΟΥΣ. ΣΥΓΚΕΚΡΙΜΕΝΑ ΣΤΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΑΥΤΗ ΑΣΧΟΛΗΘΗΚΑΜΕ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΝΕΩΝ ΑΝΤΙΒΙΟΤΙΚΩΝ ΔΡΑΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΕΝΑΝΤΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΘΕΤΙΚΩΝ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΩΝ ΒΑΚΤΗΡΙΩΝ. ΕΙΔΙΚΟΤΕΡΑ ΣΤΟ Α ΜΕΡΟΣ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΧΘΗΚΕ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ L-ΙΔΟΠΥΡΑΝΟΖΙΤΙΚΩΝ ΔΟΜΩΝ ΕΝΩ ΣΤΟΒ ΜΕΡΟΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ "ΜΙΚΤΩΝ" ΦΑΡΜΑΚΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΞΥ ΑΜΙΝΟΓΛΥΚΟΖΙΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΦΘΟΡΟΚΙΝΟΛΟΝΩΝ. ΑΠΟ ΤΙΣ ΣΥΝΘΕΣΕΙΣ ΠΟΥ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΥ ΛΕΠΤΟΜΕΡΕΙΣ ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΕΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΔΙΝΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΤΟ Γ ΜΕΡΟΣ ΕΓΙΝΕ ΔΥΝΑΤΗ: Α) Η ΜΕΤΑΤΡΟΠΗ ΤΗΣ ΝΕΑΜΙΝΗΣ ΣΤΗΝ C-5' ΕΠΙ ΝΕΑΜΙΝΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ C-5' ΕΠΙ ΠΑΡΟΜΑΜΙΝΗ, Β) Η ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΜΕΘΥΛΟ Α-D-ΓΛΥΚΟΠΥΡΑΝΟΖΙΤΗ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΣΙΠΡΟΦΛΟΞΑΣΙΝΗ ΜΕ ΔΥΟ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΕΤΙΚΟΥΣ ΤΡΟΠΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ Γ) Η ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΤΟΥ "ΜΙΚΤΟΥ" ΦΑΡΜΑΚΟΥ ΜΕΤΑΞΥ ΚΑΝΟΜΙΚΙΝΗΣ Α ΚΑΙ ΣΙΠΡΟΦΛΟΞΑΣΙΝΗΣ.THE SYNTHESIS OF MEDICALLY INTERESTING COMPOUNDS IS THE MAIN ISSUE OF THIS WORK. FIRST, THE WORK RELATED TO ANTIBIOTICS AND PARTICULARLY AMINOGLYCOSIDES AND THEIR TRANFORMATION IS PRESENTED. THEN, THE SYNTHESIS OF A NEW CLASS OF COMPOUNDS WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL INTEREST WHICH CONSISTS OF TWO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IS CONSIDERED IN DETAIL. IN PARTICULAR PART A PRESENTS THE METHODOLOGY OF FORMATION OF L-IDOPYRANOSYL-STRUCTURES. WHEREAS, PART B CONSIDERS THE PREPARATION OF MIXED STRUCTURE ANTIBIOTICS BETWEEN AMINOGLYCOSIDES AND QUINOLONES. FINALLY, PART C PRESENTS THE DETAILED EXPERIMENT RESULTS OF THIS WORK WHICH CANBE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: A) CONVERSION OF NEAMINE TO C-5'-EPI-NEAMINE AND C-5'-EPI-PAROMAMINE, B) COUPLING OF METHYL A-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDES WITH CIPROFLOXACIN FOLLOWING TWO DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC STRATEGIES AND C) SYNTHESIS OF THE "MIXED" ANTIBIOTIC BETWEEN KANAMYCIN A AND CIPROFLOXACIN

The Geography of the Chios Mastic Trade from the 17th through to the 19th Century

researchChios, one of the largest islands in the Eastern Mediterranean, became internationally known during the 13th century due to the production of the Chios mastic in twenty one villages on the south, the resin of the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia (Desf. ex Poiret) DC.), to which many beneficial properties and uses had already been attributed in the antiquity. The international demand for mastic led the various conquerors of Chios to prohibit free trade and lay down a system for monopoly distribution. After the island was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1566, following a period of almost two centuries of Genoan rule (1346 to 1566), the valuable product of Chios Mastic constitutes one of the monopolies of the Ottoman State. The present article aims firstly to present the botanical aspect of Chios Mastic, the mastic tree (P. lentiscus var chia), as well as the cultivation and harvesting methods of the produce. Secondly, by investigating the historical sources it aims to present the geography of the mastic trade in the East and West from the 17th through to the 19th century, while at the same time analyzing the monopoly trade system established by the Ottoman State. Thirdly, it analyzes the international demand for the Chios mastic during this same period in the international markets, focussing on the beneficial qualities attributed to it. Finally, it examines the validity of the information published in geographical and traveller’s journals during the period in question, evaluating the conclusions of the relevant modern scientific research. This article is based mainly on studying sources such as geographical and traveller’s manuscripts dated back from the 17th until the 19th century, which are kept in the “Korais” Central Public Historical Library, as well as other historical sources examining the period in question