Parafilariasis in a Belgian Blue breeding bull in Flanders

In March 2009 a three-year-old Belgian Blue breeding bull in Western Flanders demonstrated multiple nodules on the withers, shoulders and neck. Some of them were bleeding. The bull had been imported from the south of Belgium in the summer of 2008. Serohaemorrhagic exsudate from one of the nodules was examined under the light microscope and a larva and embryonated egg of Parafilaria bovicola could be identified. On histopathology a eosinophilic dermatitis was present and after serial sectioning an adult female filarid was found in the superficial dermis. The animal was treated with moxidectin and the skin lesions disappeared within a week. This is the first diagnosed case of bovine parafilariasis in Flanders. Nine months later, no additional cases were identified neither on the farm nor on the neighbouring farms

Examining macroeconomic determinants of trust in parliaments: A dynamic multilevel framework

The extensive literature on political trust has long suggested a link between macroeconomic conditions and public trust in political institutions. However, empirical evidence regarding this relationship remains ambiguous. Conflicting results appear to be related to differences in research design: while cross-sectional studies tend not to find evidence of a link between macroeconomic variables and trust in political institutions, most longitudinal studies do. In this paper, using recent advances in multilevel methodology, we examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of macroeconomic variables on trust in national parliament within a single dynamic multilevel framework. By analyzing all seven waves of the European Social Survey (2002–2014), we demonstrate that declining macroeconomic performance has a negative within-country effect on trust in national parliament. At the same time, we find limited evidence in support of this association at the between-country level. This discrepancy suggests the presence of confounding factors that are unaccounted for in cross-sectional designs. We therefore argue for the importance of examining within-country effects as they provide a more stringent test of causality.status: publishe

Investeren in kansengroepen (deel 1): het Europese beleid

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Examining Macroeconomic Determinants of Trust in Parliament: A Dynamic Multilevel Framework

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Hervormingen in het secundair onderwijs

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