EL PAPEL DEL PRINCIPIO DE RAZÓN SUFICIENTE EN EL EJERCICIO DE LA SANA CRÍTICA

The purpose of this paper is to show the conceptual relationship between the logical philosophical principle of Sufficient Reason and the legal concept of Sound Criticism. For this purpose, in the first instance the reader will be able to find a section where the concept of logic, its constituent elements and its contemporary definition will be addressed; Subsequently, the text will deal with the notion of logic as an adequate tool in the exercise of motivation of sentences by the judicial operator; then, you can find a brief definition and explanation of the most used logical-philosophical principles, namely, the principle of non-contradiction, the principle of identity, the principle of excluded middle. Next, the text will offer a chapter on the historicity of the principle of sufficient reason, where a tracing of classical, pre-Aristotelian notions will be carried out, until reaching the definitions offered in modernity by Leibniz and Schopenhauer. Finally, the reader will be able to find a trace of the notion of Sound Criticism from the 19th century to the current General Code of the Colombian Process. Finally, the relationship between the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the legal notion of Sound Criticism will be shown by means of what is dated in the sentence T-458 of 2007 of the Constitutional Court.El presente escrito tiene como objetivo mostrar la relación conceptual entre el principio lógico filosófico de Razón Suficiente y el concepto jurídico de Sana Crítica. En primera instancia el lector podrá encontrar un apartado en donde se abordará el concepto de lógica, sus elementos constituyentes y su definición contemporánea; posteriormente, el texto versará sobre la noción de lógica como herramienta adecuada en el ejercicio de motivación de sentencias por parte del operador judicial; acto seguido, encontrará una breve definición y explicación de los principios lógico-filosóficos más usados, a saber, el principio de no contradicción, el principio de identidad, el principio de tercio excluso. A continuación, el texto ofrecerá un capítulo sobre la historicidad del principio de razón suficiente, en donde se realizará un rastreo de nociones clásicas, pre- aristotélicas, hasta llegar a las definiciones ofrecidas en la modernidad por Leibniz y Schopenhauer. Finalmente, el lector podrá encontrar un rastreo de la noción de Sana Crítica desde el siglo XIX hasta el actual Código General del Proceso colombiano. Para finalizar, se mostrará por medio de lo datado en la sentencia T-458 de 2007 de la Corte Constitucional la relación entre el Principio de Razón Suficiente y la noción jurídica de Sana Crítica

Metabolic Responses of Subtropical Microplankton After a Simulated Deep-Water Upwelling Event Suggest a Possible Dominance of Mixotrophy Under Increasing CO2 Levels

In the autumn of 2014, nine large mesocosms were deployed in the oligotrophic subtropical North-Atlantic coastal waters off Gran Canaria (Spain). Their deployment was designed to address the acidification effects of CO2 levels from 400 to 1,400 mu atm, on a plankton community experiencing upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water. Among other parameters, chlorophyll a (chl-a), potential respiration (Phi), and biomass in terms of particulate protein (B) were measured in the microplankton community (0.7-50.0 mu m) during an oligotrophic phase (Phase I), a phytoplankton-bloom phase (Phase II), and a post-bloom phase (Phase III). Here, we explore the use of the Phi/chl-a ratio in monitoring shifts in the microplankton community composition and its metabolism. Phi/chl-a values below 2.5 mu L O-2 h(-1) (mu g chl-a)(-1) indicated a community dominated by photoautotrophs. When Phi/chl-a ranged higher, between 2.5 and 7.0 mu L O-2 h(-1) (pg chl-a)(-1) , it indicated a mixed community of phytoplankton, microzooplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes. When Phi/chl-a rose above 7.0 mu L O-2 h(-1) (mu g chl-a)(-1), it indicated a community where microzooplankton proliferated (>10.0 mu L O-2 h(-1) (mu g chl-a)(-1)), because heterotrophic dinoflagellates bloomed. The first derivative of B, as a function of time (dB/dt), indicates the rate of protein build-up when positive and the rate of protein loss, when negative. It revealed that the maximum increase in particulate protein (biomass) occurred between 1 and 2 days before the chl-a peak. A day after this peak, the trough revealed the maximum net biomass loss. This analysis did not detect significant changes in particulate protein, neither in Phase I nor in Phase III. Integral analysis of Phi/chl-a and B, over the duration of each phase, for each mesocosm, reflected a positive relationship between 4) and pCO(2) during Phase II [alpha = 230.10-5 mu L O-2 h(-1) L-1 (patm CO2)(-1) (phase-day)(-1), R-2 = 0.30] and between chl-a and pCO(2) during Phase III [alpha = 100.10(-5) Ag chl-a L-1 (mu atmCO(2))(-1) (phase-day)(-1), R-2 = 0.84]. At the end of Phase II, a harmful algal species (HAS), Vicicitus globosus, bloomed in the high pCO(2) mesocosms. In these mesocosms, microzooplankton did not proliferate, and chl-a retention time in the water column increased. In these V globosus-disrupted communities, the (Phi/chl-a ratio [4.1 +/- 1.5 /mu L O-2 h(-1) (mu g chl-a)(-1)] was more similar to the Phi/chl-a ratio in a mixed plankton community than to a photoautotroph-dominated one

Occurrence and size distribution study of microplastics in household water from different cities in continental Spain and the Canary Islands

9 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, supplementary materials https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120044.-- Data availability: Data will be made available on requestThe purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in drinking water in Spain by comparing tap water from different locations using common sampling and identification procedures. We sampled tap water from 24 points in 8 different locations from continental Spain and the Canary Islands by means of 25 μm opening size steel filters coupled to household connections. All particles were measured and spectroscopically characterized including not only MPs but also particles consisting of natural materials with evidence of industrial processing, such as dyed natural fibres, referred insofar as artificial particles (APs). The average concentration of MPs was 12.5 ± 4.9 MPs/m3 and that of anthropogenic particles 32.2 ± 12.5 APs/m3. The main synthetic polymers detected were polyamide, polyester, and polypropylene, with lower counts of other polymers including the biopolymer poly(lactic acid). Particle size and mass distributions were parameterized by means of power law distributions, which allowed performing estimations of the concentration of smaller particles provided the same scaling parameter of the power law applies. The calculated total mass concentration of the identified MPs was 45.5 ng/L. The observed size distribution of MPs allowed an estimation for the concentration of nanoplastics (< 1 µm) well below the ng/L range; higher concentrations are not consistent with scale invariant fractal fragmentation. Our findings showed that MPs in the drinking water sampled in this work do not represent a significant way of exposure to MPs and would probably pose a negligible risk for human healthThe authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Plastics Europe and that of the Spanish Government, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, grants PID2020-113769RB-C21/C22.With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)Peer reviewe

A nationwide monitoring of atmospheric microplastic deposition

8 Pág.Plastic production continues to increase every year, yet it is widely acknowledged that a significant portion of this material ends up in ecosystems as microplastics (MPs). Among all the environmental compartments affected by MPs, the atmosphere remains the least well-known. Here, we conducted a one-year simultaneous monitoring of atmospheric MPs deposition in ten urban areas, each with different population sizes, economic activities, and climates. The objective was to assess the role of the atmosphere in the fate of MPs by conducting a nationwide quantification of atmospheric MP deposition. To achieve this, we deployed collectors in ten different urban areas across continental Spain and the Canary Islands. We implemented a systematic sampling methodology with rigorous quality control/quality assurance, along with particle-oriented identification and quantification of anthropogenic particle deposition, which included MPs and industrially processed natural fibres. Among the sampled MPs, polyester fibres were the most abundant, followed by acrylic polymers, polypropylene, and alkyd resins. Their equivalent sizes ranged from 22 μm to 398 μm, with a median value of 71 μm. The particle size distribution of MPs showed fewer large particles than expected from a three-dimensional fractal fragmentation pattern, which was attributed to the higher mobility of small particles, especially fibres. The atmospheric deposition rate of MPs ranged from 5.6 to 78.6 MPs m-2 day-1, with the higher values observed in densely populated areas such as Barcelona and Madrid. Additionally, we detected natural polymers, mostly cellulosic fibres with evidence of industrial processing, with a deposition rate ranging from 6.4 to 58.6 particles m-2 day-1. There was a positive correlation was found between the population of the study area and the median of atmospheric MP deposition, supporting the hypothesis that urban areas act as sources of atmospheric MPs. Our study presents a systematic methodology for monitoring atmospheric MP deposition.The authors acknowledge the support provided by Spanish Network of Plastics in the Environment, EnviroPlaNet (www.enviroplanet.net) and the financial support provided by the Spanish Government, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, grants PID2020-113769RB-C21/C22. The authors would like to thank the Interdepartmental Investigation Research Service of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (SIDI-UAM and Segainvex) for the use of their infrastructures and their technical support. J.G.S. thanks ACIISI for the contract from the Viera y Clavijo program at the University of La Laguna (85 % co-financed by the European Social Fund).Peer reviewe

Searching for hotspots of neustonic microplastics in the Canary Islands

In this study, we investigated the concentration, distribution, and characteristics of neustonic MPs in the Canary Islands, with a particular focus on the island leeward zones, where a high accumulation of floating marine microplastics is expected. Samples were collected with a manta net at 15 different sites from Alegranza to La Gomera during the IMPLAMAC expedition. The microplastic concentration in surface waters ranged from 0.27 MPs/m3 in Alegranza to 136.7 MPs/m3 in the south of Gran Canaria. The highest concentration of MPs found was due to the presence of a sea-surface slick, also called “marine litter windrow”, formed in the south of Gran Canaria. The most abundant zooplankton group in the neuston was copepods, except at the marine litter windrow where fish larvae and eggs predominated. This indicates that coastal areas where marine litter windrows are formed have a high risk of MP ingestion and potential adverse effects on biota.</p

Relationship between biomass, growth rate, respiration and ets activity in the brine shrimp Artemia salina

Symposium GLOBEC-IMBER España celebrado del 28-30 marzo de 2007 en Valencia.-- 1 pageZooplankton respiratory metabolism and biomass are keys to understanding energy flow, population abundance, community structure, as well as other variables of marine plankton communities. Zooplankton respiratory electron transport activity (ETS) measures potential respiration (Φ) and is a proxy for both respiratory oxygen consumption and biomass. Interpreting ETS measurements is not well understood and requires experimental research into the effects of age, physiological states, temperature, pressure, etc. Here, using controlled cultures of the crustacean Artemia salina, we investigate the relationships between biomass (as protein or as carbon), ETS activity, respiration and growth rate and their sensitivity to culture age. Observed growth rates (µ = 0.21 ± 0.27 day-1) and potential respiration rates (Φ = 11.76 ± 18.49 µL O2 h-1 animal-1) were in the range found in the literature for similar experiments. They were unrelated to each other. Specific ETS activity, as metabolism, was regressed against biomass, as protein, in the logarithmic form of Kleiber’s allometric equation (Kleiber, 1961). The slope was 0.75 as one would expect for a metabolism proxy, from zooplankton metabolism studies of King and Packard, 1975, and from Whitfield’s (2006) recent book. The respiration measurements defined a rate of R = 0.331 ± 0.076 µL O2 h-1 animal-1, but the measurement range was too limited to define a relationship with either ETS activity or biomass. Investigations of the ratios, R/biomass, Φ/biomass, and R/Φshowed that all three declined with the culture age. Here we discuss the role food-limitation plays in the decline of these ratio

Abundancia de colibríes y uso de flores en un bosque templado del sureste de México Hummingbird abundance and flowers use in a template forest from Southeast Mexico

La abundancia de los colibríes puede variar por la fenología de floración de las plantas de las que se alimentan. Sin embargo, la información sobre la interacción colibrí-flor es limitada en ambientes tropicales de montaña. En este estudio se evaluó la abundancia de colibríes con redes de niebla y se registró la fenología de floración mensual de las flores visitadas por los colibríes en tres ambientes (bosque de encino, de neblina y matorral) en la Reserva Ecológica Huitepec, Chiapas, México de enero a agosto 2010. Cuatro especies de colibríes (Hylocharis leucotis, Lampornis amethystinus, Lamprolaima rhami y Eugenes fulgens) se registraron y sus abundancias variaron entre ambientes (H3.8=14.8, p=0.001). Siete especies de plantas fueron visitadas por los colibríes, y presentaron una mayor floración formando parches durante la temporada de secas. En el matorral se concentró el mayor número de especies de plantas con flores. Fuchsia paniculata presentó el mayor periodo de floración aunque solo fue visitada por H. leucotis. Passiflora membranacea fue la única especie visitada por las cuatro especies de colibríes. La única asociación positiva fue la abundancia de E. fulgens con la floración de P. membranacea (rS=0.93, p=0.02). Las fluctuaciones de las abundancias de colibríes en este estudio están en cierta forma determinadas por las interacciones del recurso floral y su distribución en el ambienteHummingbird abundance varies with plant bloom phenology used for feeding. However, the information on hummingbird-flower interaction is limited for tropical mountain environments. We evaluated hummingbird abundance using mist nest and estimated monthly flowering phenology visited by hummingbirds in three different habitats (oak forest, cloud forest and bush) from January to August 2010 in Huitepec Ecological Reserve. We recorded four hummingbird species (Hylocharis leucotis, Lampornis amethystinus, Lamprolaima rhami and Eugenes fulgens), and their abundance varied among habitats (H3.8=14.8, p=0.001). Seven plant species were visited for hummingbirds and showed the highest number of flower species during dry season. Bush had the highest blossom. Fuchsia paniculata had the highest blossom period but only was visited by H. leucotis. Passiflora membranacea was the only species visited for all hummingbird species. The only positive association was E. fulgens abundance with P.a membranacea bloom (rS=0.93, p=0.02). Hummingbird abundance fluctuations in this study are determined for interactions with floral resources and their habitat distribution

Testing zooplankton secondary production models against Daphnia magna growth

8 pages, 3 figures, 5 tablesModelling secondary production rates in the zooplankton is essential for population ecology studies, but assessing these rates is difficult and rarely done. Here, five secondary production models are tested by measuring Daphnia magna growth. To provide a range of growth rates, Daphnia were cultured under three different nutrition regimes (yeast, cornflour, and phytoplankton). Length and biomass were monitored daily in three simple time-course experiments to provide the growth rates, which ranged from 0.11 to 0.30 d -1 with secondary production rates of 350-643 μg dry mass d -1. Secondary production was predicted best by the freshwater crustacean-based model of Stockwell and Johannsson (1997). Marine copepod-based marine models were totally unsuitable. © 2012 International Council for the Exploration of the SeaThe work was supported by Project 18/95 of the Canary Autonomous Goverment and project EXZOME (CTM2008-01616/MAR) granted to MG. I. Martínez and I. Mayo were supported by a grant from Fundación Universitaria de Las Palmas, and TTP by contract EXMAR SE-539 10/17 (Proyecto Estructurante en Ciencias Marinas)Peer Reviewe

Abundancia de colibríes y uso de flores en un bosque templado del sureste de México

Hummingbird abundance and flowers use in a template forest from Southeast Mexico. Hummingbird abundance varies with plant bloom phenology used for feeding. However, the information on hummingbird-flower interaction is limited for tropical mountain environments. We evaluated hummingbird abundance using mist nest and estimated monthly flowering phenology visited by hummingbirds in three dif- ferent habitats (oak forest, cloud forest and bush) from January to August 2010 in Huitepec Ecological Reserve. We recorded four hummingbird species (Hylocharis leucotis, Lampornis amethystinus, Lamprolaima rhami and Eugenes fulgens), and their abundance varied among habitats (H3.8=14.8, p=0.001). Seven plant species were visited for hummingbirds and showed the highest number of flower species during dry season. Bush had the highest blossom. Fuchsia paniculata had the highest blossom period but only was visited by H. leucotis. Passiflora membranacea was the only species visited for all hummingbird species. The only positive association was E. fulgens abundance with P.a membranacea bloom (rS=0.93, p=0.02). Hummingbird abundance fluctuations in this study are determined for interactions with floral resources and their habitat distribution.La abundancia de los colibríes puede variar por la fenología de floración de las plantas de las que se alimentan. Sin embargo, la información sobre la interacción colibrí-flor es limitada en ambientes tropicales de montaña. En este estudio se evaluó la abundancia de colibríes con redes de niebla y se registró la fenología de floración mensual de las flores visitadas por los colibríes en tres ambientes (bosque de encino, de neblina y matorral) en la Reserva Ecológica Huitepec, Chiapas, México de enero a agosto 2010. Cuatro especies de colibríes (Hylocharis leucotis, Lampornis amethystinus, Lamprolaima rhami y Eugenes fulgens) se registraron y sus abundancias variaron entre ambientes (H3.8=14.8, p=0.001). Siete especies de plantas fueron visitadas por los colibríes, y presentaron una mayor floración formando parches durante la temporada de secas. En el matorral se concentró el mayor número de especies de plantas con flores. Fuchsia paniculata presentó el mayor periodo de floración aunque solo fue visitada por H. leucotis. Passiflora membranacea fue la única especie visitada por las cuatro especies de colibríes. La única asociación positiva fue la abundancia de E. fulgens con la floración de P. membranacea (rS=0.93, p=0.02). Las fluctuaciones de las abundancias de colibríes en este estudio están en cierta forma determinadas por las interacciones del recurso floral y su distribución en el ambiente

SMACC: a System for Microplastics Automatic Counting and Classification

The management of plastic debris is a serious issue due to its durability. Unfortunately, million tons of plastic end up in the sea becoming one of the biggest current environmental problems. One way to monitor the amount of plastic in beaches is to collect samples and visually count and sort the plastic particles present in them. This is a very time-consuming task. In this work, we present a Computer Vision-based system which is able to automatically count and classify microplastic particles (1-5 mm) into five different visual classes. After cleaning a collected sample in the lab, the proposed system makes use of a pair of its images with different characteristics. The procedure includes a segmentation step, which is based on the Sauvola thresholding method, followed by a feature extraction and classification step. Different features and classifiers are evaluated as well as a deep learning approach. The system is tested on 12 different beach samples with a total of 2507 microplastic particles. The particles of each sample were manually counted and sorted by an expert. This data represents the ground truth, which is compared later with the results of the automatic processing proposals to evaluate their accuracy. The difference in the number of particles is 34 (1.4%) and the error in their classification is less than 4% for all types except for the line shapes particles. These results are obtained in less than half of the time needed by the human expert doing the same task manually. This implies that it is possible to process more than twice as many samples using the same time, allowing the biologists to monitor wider areas and more frequently than doing the process manually