Color and phenolic compounds reduction of Kraft Pulp Mill effluent by ozonation with some pretreatments

ABSTRACT A study on the treatment of Kraft pulp mill effluent by ozonation alone, and by combined treatment of ozonation preceded by chemical coagulation, activated carbon adsorption or membrane filtration has been conducted. Initial effluent pH was a major factor deciding the treatment efficiency. When ozonation was conducted alone, more than 70% reduction of color and phenolic compounds could be achieved at pH 3. When ozonation was preceded by chemical coagulation or powdered activated carbon adsorption, more than 90% reduction of phenolic compounds could be achieved at similarly low pH. However powdered activated carbon followed by ozonation reduces phenolic compounds by 72% even without pH adjustment (pH 10)

The Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Food Products of Rhizophora stylosa

The objective of this study is to investigate the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of coffee and tea mangrove (locally known in Indonesia) produced from the fruit of Rhizophora stylosa. Furthermore, three raw materials of coffee mangrove were also investigated to clarify their potencies. The crude extracts of five samples were subjected to antioxidant assay using DPPH. The results show that the extract of tea mangrove has the strongest activity; then, it was successfully fractionated using different polarity of solvents and yielded acetone and methanol fractions that had high antioxidant activity. The acetone fraction was purified and gave fractions A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6, but only A2 and A3 indicated antioxidant activity and, therefore, they were subjected to further purification. Fractions A3 (caffeine) and A2 gave AS1 (N,N-dimethyl-L-alanine), AS2 (quercetin-3-O-galactopyranoside), AS3 (dodecanoic acid), and AS4 that had the similar 1H-NMR spectrometric results with AS2, while the methanol fraction did not exhibit clear peaks on the chromatogram by HPLC. Therefore, the precipitation method was conducted to purify this fraction, and the precipitate was analyzed by NMR spectra. The results from 1H and 13C NMR indicate that this fraction is a typical polymer of condensed tannins, containing procyanidin and prodelphinidin units

Significant Feeding Deterrent of Berberine from Tali kuning(Tinospora dissitiflora Diels) Against Two Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe

Antifeedant activities of berberine isolated from the chloroform fraction of Tali kuning (Tinospora dissitiflora Diels) were evaluated against two subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, respectively. The chloroform fraction of methanol extracts of Tali kuning and authentic berberine chloride were used for comparison. Three replicates and levels of concentrations, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml, respectively, were employed. Filtepapers treated with three chemical substances were used to evaluate the mass losses of the filter paper consumed by the termites, and filter papers treated only with MeOH were used for control. Mass loss (MS), termite mortality (TM) and antifeedant index (AFI) were used to determine the antifeedant variables. The results indicated that regardless of three chemical substances tested, the MS recorded from C. formosanus Shiraki were 2.87 times higher than those of R. speratus Kolbe, and among three levels concentration, 50 mg/ml gave the lowest MS (2.13%). Authentic berberine chloride gave the highest TM (99%), followed by chloroform fraction (88%) and berberine (73%). Interestingly, all antifeedant variables employed in this study gave AFI values less than 20%, indicating significant feeding deterrent activity against two subterranean termites

Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. Leaf Oils from Indonesia

Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. Oil, also known as Kayu Putih oil, is one of the most important non-timber forest products in Indonesia. This oil has diverse bioactivity, such as insecticidal, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral. This study elucidated the chemical compositions and biological activities of M. leucadendron leaf oils from Java, Indonesia in order to evaluate their potency and improve their utilization. Leaf samples of M. leucadendron in this study were collected from plantation forest in Gunung Kidul-Yogyakarta (L1), Gundih-Central Java (L2) and Sukun-East Java (L3), Indonesia in different plant ages of 5 (A1), 10 (A2) and 15 (A3) years-old. Oil samples were distillated by water-steam distillation. Identification of chemical composition of these essential oils was conducted by GC-MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant activity was examined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and antifungal activity was examined using a method by Wang et al. (2005) with slight modification against pathogenic fungi of Fusarium oxysporum, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizopus oryzae. GC-MS investigations of M. leucadendron leaf oils showed 26 compounds have been identified. The result showed 1,8-cineole (44.76% to 60.19%) was the major compound in these oil, followed by α-terpineol (5.93% to 12.45%), D(+)-limonene (4.45% to 8.85%), and β-caryophyllene (3.78% to 7.64%), respectively. The in vitro DPPH assay showed anti-oxidative (IC50: 7.21 to 9.46 mg/ml) properties of M. leucadendron leaf oils. This essential oils also revealed inhibitory effect against F. oxysporum (IC50: 0.01 mg/ml to 0.11 mg/ml), T. cucumeris (IC50: 0.52 mg/ml to 4.20 mg/ml) and R. oryzae (IC50:1.35 mg/ml to 7.61 mg/ml). The antifungal activity showed M. leucadendron leaf oils were effective against fungi of F. oxysporum and T. cucumeris; but it showed less antifungal activity against R. oryzae. This study indicated that the M. leucadendron leaf oils can be used as antioxidant and sustainable eco-friendly bio fungicides

Significant Feeding Deterrent of Berberine From Tali Kuning(Tinospora Dissitiflora Diels) Against Two Subterranean Termites Coptotermes Formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes Speratus Kolbe

Antifeedant activities of berberine isolated from the chloroform fraction of Tali kuning (Tinospora dissitiflora Diels) were evaluated against two subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, respectively. The chloroform fraction of methanol extracts of Tali kuning and authentic berberine chloride were used for comparison. Three replicates and levels of concentrations, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml, respectively, were employed. Filtepapers treated with three chemical substances were used to evaluate the mass losses of the filter paper consumed by the termites, and filter papers treated only with MeOH were used for control. Mass loss (MS), termite mortality (TM) and antifeedant index (AFI) were used to determine the antifeedant variables. The results indicated that regardless of three chemical substances tested, the MS recorded from C. formosanus Shiraki were 2.87 times higher than those of R. speratus Kolbe, and among three levels concentration, 50 mg/ml gave the lowest MS (2.13%). Authentic berberine chloride gave the highest TM (99%), followed by chloroform fraction (88%) and berberine (73%). Interestingly, all antifeedant variables employed in this study gave AFI values less than 20%, indicating significant feeding deterrent activity against two subterranean termites