Bio-Attractant of termites bait from waste paper and extract Ocimum basilicum Linn against Subterranean Termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Termites were the most destroying wood organism and one of the methods for controlling termites and suppressing its population is the baiting system. One of the conditions in the baiting system method is that the bait must be able to attract termites. Mostly the attractant is made from an extract of the plant. This research aimed to evaluate the attractants of termites bait from waste paper and extract of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Leaves of Ocimum basilicum extracted with maceration process with ethanol. After extraction, the yield was made into five concentration, consist of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The waste paper was made into termite’s bait with a square bait with measure 2 cm long x 2 cm wide x 1 cm thick. The result of research showed that the average of termites mortality value was 18.79% - 97.58%. The highest termites mortality was achieve on 10% concentration of extract Ocimum basilicum. Its followed by the concentration 8% with mortality value 91.52%; concentration 6% with mortality value 78.18%; concentration 4% with mortality value 61.82% and concentration 2% with mortality value 51.52%. Meanwhile on control treatment the mortality value was 18.79%. The average of weight loss of termite’s bait was 3.41% - 8.36%. The highest weight loss was achieved on concentration 8% and this bait was more attractive to termites. Termite’s bait from waste paper and extract of Ocimum basilicum was attractant to subteranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus and the optimum concentration was 8%

Synergistic effect of alcohols, ketone and water on the yield of soluble compounds and tannins from the barks of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Moringa oleifera Lam.

Investigations into the most efficient solvent or solvent mixtures which yield high quantities of tannins for the production of adhesives for the composite industry have been ongoing. However, knowledge on the synergistic effect of ketones, alcohols and water on the yield of soluble compounds and tannins from plants is lacking. Using the Soxhlet extraction method, the synergistic effect of ketone, alcohol and water mixtures in the extraction of soluble compounds and tannins from the barks of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica was examined. Ketone, water and alcohols did not have a definite synergistic effect on the yields of soluble compounds and tannins from the two plants. Mixtures of some solvents, as opposed to their individual solvents, recorded high yield of soluble compounds. The reverse was also observed. Water extract recorded the highest quantity of soluble compounds in M. oleifera while, ethanol-methanol-water mixture (60:20:20) extracted the highest quantity of soluble compounds in A. indica.   The mixtures containing either a ketone or the alcohols produced comparatively high tannin yield in A. indica. This trend was not so for M. oleifera. The efficiency of solvents to extract soluble compounds depended mostly on the species

Fuel Properties of Slab Wastes from Sengon Sawmills: A Case Study in Sleman and Wonosobo Regencies

Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) is a fast-growing and versatile species that has been established in community forests. Many sawmills utilize sengon wood as a raw material which generates wastes in the form of sawdust and slab consisting of a mixture of bark and wood. Those wastes are widely used by communities and home industries as fuel. The objective of this study was to characterize the energy properties of slab wastes from sengon sawmills in Wonosobo dan Sleman Regencies. The results showed that the calorific value and fuelwood value index (FVI) ranges were 4,089 to 4,749 cal/g and 2.71 to 18.74, respectively. The values of density ranged from 0.23 to 0.94 g/cm3. The proximate analysis showed that the values of moisture and ash contents ranged from 13.90 to 20.03% and from 0.30 to 4.59%, respectively, whereas volatile matter and fixed carbon contents ranged from 75.84 to 88.94% and from 10.23 to 20.62%, respectively. In general, the slab samples from Wonosobo gave higher values in fixed carbon content and FVI but smaller values in density, moisture content, volatile matter content, and ash content than those of the samples in Sleman. The bark part showed higher amounts in density, moisture content, fixed carbon content, and ash content but lower in volatile matter content, calorific value, and FVI than the wood part. Based on the wood consumption, sawmill recovery, calorific value, and dry weight biomass value, the potential annual energy from slab wastes in Sleman and Wonosobo reached 1,374 × 1013 cal (equivalent to 1,525,222  L of kerosene) and 1.521 × 1014 cal (equivalent to 16,884,016 L of kerosene), respectively

Sponge Gourd Potential for the Raw Material of Paper and Dissolving Pulp

Sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) provides a sustainable and cheap source of lignocellulosic materials potential for the raw material of paper and dissolving pulp. In the present works, sponge gourd fruits 5 and 8 months old were pre-hydrolyzed in an acidic (pH of 5) and neutral (pH of 7) at 165 C for 3 hours, and successively soda pulped at a maximum temperature of 170 oC for 4 hours with 20% active alkali. The resulting pulp was bleached by the D0E1D1E2D2 method. The bleached pulp was chemically analyzed to evaluate its feasibility for dissolving pulp based on the requirement of SNI 14-03-1989. The pulp feasibility for paper materials ware based on the measurement of fiber dimensions, fiber derivative values, and the strength properties of the pulp. It was found that the a-cellulose content of the sponge gourd coir was high compared to the requirement of SNI 14-03-1989. However, it did not satisfy the requirement of dissolving pulp due to its high extractives, ash, silica content, and low viscosity. The fiber of sponge gourd coir was classified into the quality class of II with intermediate pulp strength.  

Phenolics Content and DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Dalbergia latifolia leaf ethanolic extract

Dalbergia latifolia is one of the famous species that naturally grows in Java, Indonesia. The wood of this species is purple in color and the leaf is utilized as forage. The purpose of this study is to determine the bioactivity and phenol contents of D. latifolia leaf ethanolic extract. The antioxidant activity and anti-termite activity were measured through the DPPH method and Neotermes bosei activity. Furthermore, phenol contents were determined through colorimetric method and ethanolic extract constituents were identified by GC-MS. The DPPH inhibition of ethanol extract of D. latifolia leaf exhibited 138.20±2.14 µg/ml. While the measurement of total phenol and total flavonoid content of D. latifolia leaf showed a value of 192.67±9.41 mg GAE/ g and 55.23±5.11 mg QE/ g of dried extract sample. The termiticidal activity of ethanolic extract showed low activity. The GC-MS detection showed fatty acids as dominant compounds. The inhibition of DPPH by D. latifolia leaf ethanol extract in this study suggested this leaf is potent as antioxidant agents

Investigation of Flavonoid Extractives and their Contribution to Color of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb Wood

Dalbergia latifolia wood is a beautiful wood with color of dark purple to dark brown and rich in flavonoid compounds. This study aimed to investigate the presence of flavonoid compounds from D. latifolia wood and their contribution to its color. The D. latifolia wood sample was powdered and extracted with ethanol-toluene (1/2, v/v). The ethanol- toluene extract then was column chromatographed to obtain fraction 1 to fraction 12. Methylation was conducted to each fraction to detect flavonoid compounds by GC-MS. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that ethanol- toluene extract gave Fr- 1- Fr. 3 as soluble flavonoids (34.2%) and Fr. 4- Fr. 12 as insoluble polymers (62.6%). Furthermore, 12 flavonoids i.e latifolin, dalbergiphenol, chalcone, dalbergin, and their derivatives were characterised and these compounds might be significance in contributing to color of D. latifolia wood

Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel Bahan Baku terhadap Kualitas Pelet Ranting Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) dari Limbah Pakan Ternak Kambing

Pemberian pakan kambing dengan daun kaliandra menyisakan limbah ranting kaliandra yang belum banyak dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan limbah ranting kaliandra sebagai bahan baku pelet untuk energi terbarukan. Penelitian dirancang untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai ukuran partikel bahan baku pada kualitas pelet limbah ranting kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus). Ukuran partikel bahan yang digunakan adalah 20-40 mesh, 40-60 mesh, dan 60-80 mesh. Proses pembuatan pelet menggunakan tekanan kempa 70 kg/cm2. Kualitas pelet yang diamati adalah sebagai berikut: berat jenis dan sifat proksimat (kadar air, kadar abu, zat mudah menguap, dan karbon terikat) serta nilai kalor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pelet limbah ranting kaliandra terbaik dihasilkan dari ukuran partikel 60-80 mesh dengan pemberian tekanan kempa 70 kg/cm2. Pelet yang dihasilkan mempunyai spesifikasi kualitas sebagai berikut nilai berat jenis 1,086; kadar air 10,12%; kadar zat mudah menguap 82,50%; kadar abu 1,21%; karbon terikat 16,25%; dan nilai kalor 4617,20 kal/g. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pelet limbah ranting kaliandra telah memenuhi standar kualitas pelet menurut SNI 8021-2014 dan DIN 51731. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan limbah ranting kaliandra pada peternakan kambing bisa digunakan sebagai bahan baku pelet sebagai sumber energi terbarukan yang berkualitas

Subterranean Termite Durability of Three Inferior Wood Species Collected from Indonesian New Guinea Coated with Two Coating Systems

Wood is very susceptible material from termite attacks. A simple, cheapest method to prevent this attack is coating treatment. On this work, three inferior wood species collected from Manokwari – Papua Barat, namely Pulai (Alstonia scholaris), Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana), and Jambu (Syzygium sp.) were coated with two coating systems of oiled and water- based coatings. Coating was applied using paint brush on wood samples with dimensions, 50 cm long x 5 cm wide x 2.5 cm thick. Durability was conducting with grave yard test, where half-length of wood samples, coated and uncoated samples, were buried on the yard for the three consecutive months. Wood durability was evaluated using two variables, wood weight loss, and wood damage, respectively, and analyses into other variables likes wood resistance class, level of resistance, degree of damage, and natural durability classes. The results indicated that both coated systems, oiled and water based, had an average of spreading rates from 0.005-0.015 g/cm2. Weight loss of three inferior species of wood recorded from the control samples are 38.65%, 12.12%, and 6.14% for Pulai, Binuang and Jambu. Treatment with coating systems, weight loss could be prevented into 95.1%, 58.2% and 56.0% to control for Pulai, Binuang and Jambu, respectively.  Wood resistance class of Pulai is IV. Binuang and jambu species initially is Moderate Resistant (III) and improve into Resistant (II). It is summarized that coating systems available in the local market could protect wood from subterranean termites

Fast-Growing Wood-Polymer Nano Composite Characteristics through Nano-SiO2 Impregnation

Ganitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum.) and jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) are fast-growing wood species that have low strength and durability class. One of methods for improving the characteristics of ganitri and jabon woods is impregnation. This study objectives were to analyze the effect of impregnation of Melamine Formaldehyde Furfuryl Alcohol (MFFA) copolymer and 0.5% Nano-SiO2 on the physical, mechanical and durability properties of ganitri and jabon woods. The impregnation process was carried out by applying a 0.5 bar vacuum for 1 hour and followed by 2 bar pressure for 2 hours. The results showed that impregnation with MFFA and Nano-SiO2 could improve optimally the physical and mechanical properties and durability of fast-growing wood

Biological Resistance of Jabon Wood Against Subterranean and Drywood Termites after Combined Impregnation and Compression Treatment

This study investigated Jabon wood [Anthochepalus cadamba (Roxb) Miq) impregnated with natural phenolic resin from Merbau extractives (ME) and subjected to hot compression treatments. The resistance of this wood to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) and drywood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) was tested. The types of pre-treatments utilized were impregnation, repeated-impregnation, hot compression, and a combined treatment of impregnation and hot compression. The impregnation pre-treatment used crude ME and selected polymerized ME (PME22 and PME33). The resistance evaluation was based on the weight loss of the samples according to the Indonesian standard of SNI 7207 (2014). Untreated samples of jabon were classified as grade V (susceptible) against subterranean termites and grade IV (non-resistant) against drywood termites. Impregnation using only ME improved the resistance of Jabon wood against subterranean termite from grade V to grade IV. Against drywood termites, it changed from class IV to III and II. The resistance class of III against subterranean termites resulted from the treatments of various schedules of polymerized ME. Thus, the extractives contributed greatly to the protection of a less durable wood species against termite attack. Merbau extractives also distinctly improved the resistance of jabon wood from grade IV (non-resistant) to grade II (resistant)