Interim Core Concepts for a Bayesian Pure Exchange Economy

The private information case of a Bayesian pure exchange economy is studied. The Bayesian incentive-compatible coarse core is proved to be nonempty. On the other hand, the Bayesian incentivecompatible interim core may be empty, even for Bayesian pure exchange economies satisfying the traditional (neoclassical) assumptions. A sufficient condition for the latter's nonemptiness is established; the condition specifies relationships among effects of different type pro-files.

Preliminary Results for Cooperative Extensions of the Bayesian Game

The descriptive theory of cooperative game with incomplete information developed to date is surveyed. The theory has the potential to provide game-theoretical foundations of economic analysis of the free societies in which organizations (coalitions) as corporations institute a non-market resource allocation mechanism while using the market resource allocation mechanism at the same time. The present-day corporations are interdependent, so the required game theory needs to model an environment in which the feasibility and implications of coordinated strategy choice within a coalition are influenced by the outsiders of strategy choice. The first part of the paper provides the key ingredients. After formulating the basic one-shot model, which synthesizes Harsanyi's Bayesian game and Aumann and Peleg's non-side-payment game (NTU game), and illustrating economic examples, two required conditions on an endogenously determined strategy are discussed: measurability with respect to an information structure, and Bayesian incentive compatibility. Several descriptive solution concepts that have been proposed to date are discussed. The second part addresses six issues studied in the literature: First, the existence of the descriptive solutions in the general setup. Second, explanation of information revelation, that is, a process through which private information turns into public information. Third, definitions of efficiency. Fourth, comparisons of several core concepts. Fifth, the existence results specific only to the Bayesian pure exchange economy, and revival of the core convergence theorem within the framework of the Bayesian pure exchange economy. Sixth, another view on coalition formation, specifically analyses of situations in which coalitional membership is anonymous.

Transition Metal-Catalyzed Fluorination/ [18]fluorination and Decarbonylative Carbon Heteroatom Bond Formation

The development of novel methods to incorporate fluorine and fluoroalkyl groups into organic molecules is highly desirable, as these substituents can impart unique stability, reactivity and biological properties. Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been expended to develop transition metal-catalyzed aromatic fluorination methodologies. Nevertheless, carbon–fluorine bond formation remains challenging, especially in the context of general, functional group-tolerant late-stage fluorinations of arenes. Ultimately, gaining direct accessibility to highly functionalized and complex fluorinated pharmaceutical and radiopharmaceutical precursors is a central objective of this field. Chapter 1 describes the key challenges in the field C–F bond formation key considerations in industry, as well as the relevant history and precedent for the work detailed herein. Chapter 2 begins with our initial development of the copper-catalyzed fluorination of unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts with KF. This transformation proceeds with high chemoselectivity and yields. Detailed computational and experimental mechanistic analyses established the key role of the solvent in catalysis and rationalized the chemoselectivity in Cu-catalyzed reactions of unsymmetrical iodonium salts. Chapter 3 describes detailed efforts into the translation of the Cu-catalyzed fluorination of diaryliodonium salts to radiofluorination. The fluorine-18 radionuclide is the most widely utilized for in vivo imaging by positron emission tomography. However, the lack of rapid, practical radiofluorination methods hinders newly developed radiotracers entering into clinic. We have identified conditions that rapidly incorporate fluorine-18 into electron-rich arenes in 20 minutes under mild conditions. Importantly this chemistry can be further applied to synthesize clinically important radiotracers. Chapter 4 details the exploration of the Cu-mediated radiofluorination of aryl boronates and aryl halides. Extensive studies on developing a new elution method allowed operationally simple, highly reproducible means to make anhydrous fluoride-18 effective for Cu catalysis. Chapter 5 investigates a novel Pa-catalyzed decarbonylative fluorintion method to incorporate a carbon-fluorine bond. The protocol aims to utilize aroyl fluorides as both the fluorine and arene source that oxidatively adds to metals in a single step, thereby minimizing the complexity and waste in this step of the synthesis. This work was further extended to form various carbon-heteroatom bonds, starting from acid chlorides in one pot.PhDChemistryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133480/1/naokoi_1.pd

Myristic Acid, A Side Chain of Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA), Can Activate Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes to Produce Oxygen Radicals More Potently than PMA

Myristic acid (MyA), which is a saturated fatty acid (C14:0) and a side chain of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), was examined if MyA stimulates human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to release oxygen radicals comparable to PMA by applying electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-spin-trapping method. When MyA was added to isolated human PMNs, spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO)-OH and DMPO-OOH were time-dependently observed. The amounts of these spin adducts were larger than those of PMNs stimulated by PMA. These results clearly show that MyA is more potent agent to prime human PMNs than PMA, in a point of view of not only O2·− but also ·OH production. This fact calls attention that too much intake of MyA that is known to be contained vegetable oils can lead to crippling effect through uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species