8 research outputs found
The current position of the foreign terrorist fighters in the Republic of North Macedonia
Terrorism with religious ideological background today is a serious global threat. The modern infrastructure and the communications of movement allowed terrorist organizations to be able to attack everywhere in the world. The issue that is a point of interest of this paper is the current situation of returning the foreign terrorist fighters to their home country or third countries and the security consequences that may arise if they are not treated properly. For a more detailed perception of this problem through the case analysis ā an operative police action related to the foreign terrorist fighters, the functional aspects of the criminal prosecution bodies of the Republic of North Macedonia will be better perceived and studied. Also, a special emphasis will be placed on the strategy for the fight against violent extremism and the financing of terrorist fighters
SITUATION AND TRENDS OF TERRORIST ACTS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION
The main subject of interest of this paper is the current situation and the trend of international terrorism in the European Union explained thorough security analysis of the committed terrorist attacks and their influence on the European security and stability. Also, it will be shown the measures and the activities of the anti and contrary terroristic fight against the risks and the threats from terrorism as a result of the recent terroristic attacks. Even though on the international level there isnāt a common definition of terrorism as a criminal act, the European Union and the Council of Europe through their most important documents set the concept for terrorism which has helped in the process of creating national security systems for the fight against the terrorism. This paper will go through the circumstances of terrorist attacks (failed, foiled, and completed) in the European Union Member States, as well as the conditions of the criminal acts through analysis of the statistical data about the court proceedings and the verdicts
Cryptocurrency Abuse for the Purposes of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing: Policies and Practical Aspects in the European Union and North Macedonia
The number of countries that express concern for the danger of using cryptocurrencies for illegal activities among which are money laundering and terrorism financing is increasing. Cryptocurrencies are virtual assets created and managed through advanced computer encryption and operate on a decentralized network known as a blockchain. The key issue of concern and attention in the world is the anonymity and pseudonymity of cryptocurrencies, which prevents proper monitoring of transactions by state institutions and allows the completion of suspicious transactions outside the regulated systems. The paper provides an overview and presentation of the existing European legal framework and the measures and activities undertaken by the Republic of North Macedonia, harmonized with the European ones, in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing in the crypto sector
Criminalistics and operative aspects of the attacks on the cash in transit vehicles in the Republic of Macedonia
Cash in transit is a term used to describe the banknotes in the process
of transfer from one location to another. During this process, a
whole array of risks, threats, dangers and vulnerabilities arise. As
much as the value of the assets is greater, the more the transport is
the tempting target of attack by criminal, primarily, bandit groups.
Cash in transit vehicles attacks are criminal activities that are
carried out for the purpose of acquiring illegal property and they
contain elements of violence, brutality and aggression. From a
criminal and legal point of view, cash in transit vehicles attacks
are classifed as crimes against property, or rather as criminal
oļ¬enses of robbery. Studying the circumstances of the crime
through the chronological and logical connection of the discovered
facts provides an opportunity for understanding the crime, i.e.
to create a criminalistics version of the events, on the basis of
which the further operational procedures of criminal prosecution
authorities will be based. The general goal of this paper is a
criminal and operational analysis of the cash in transit vehicles
attacks, which should contribute to recognizing the shortcomings,
defciencies and weaknesses in the manner of securing, as well
as the ways of their detection, clarifcation and proving by the
criminal prosecution authorities.The paper will present the results of the researched criminological,
victimological and criminal-operational aspects of the cash in
transit vehicles attacks in the Republic of Macedonia in the period
from 2005 to 2016. In this regard, in order to review the criminaloperational acting after detection of the committed attack on a cash in transit vehicle, an analysis of a specifc individual case will be
made by describing the situation that had previously passed, the
criminal situation, the measures and activities undertaken for its
clarifcation and the consequences that arose from it.Through the
security analysis applied in the paper, the basis for improvement
and the creation of more efcient and eļ¬ective ways of planning
and performing of the cash in transit and other valuable goods
should be created
Analysis of Road Traffic Safety through Direct Relative Indicators for Traffic Accidents Fatality: Case of Republic of Macedonia
In the absence of a detailed profile and assessment of the road traffic safety situation in the Republic of Macedonia, the paper will show the analysis by calculating and comparing the direct relative indicators for deaths from traffic accidents in relation to the total population (public risk), the total number of vehicles (traffic risk) and the total number of passenger-kilometres (dynamic traffic risk). Their established trends in the period 2005-2014 will also be shown and then compared with the levels in other European countries. Within the risks, there is additionally the risk of suffering that takes into account the consequences of accidents to people (human losses, heavy and light bodily injuries), which will be calculated and analysed for the area covered by the eight Sectors for Internal Affairs (SIA) in the Republic of Macedonia. For this purpose maps of the public risk of suffering from accidents on the roads will be made, which will closely show the traffic safety situation in the country. The diagnosing of the traffic safety situation will contribute to the creation of new measures and activities or improving the existing ones by the competent authorities in order to promote the road traffic safety.</p
Republika Makedonija kot tranzitna država za nezakonito trgovanje po ābalkanski potiā
Purpose:
This study aims to give an empirical overview of the illegal trafficking with human beings, drugs and weapons in the Republic of Macedonia and its involvement in the transnational crime within the āBalkan Routeā.
Design/Methods/Approach:
A qualitative-quantitative approach will be used, using analysis of the current scientific literature, academic publications and scientific papers from this area, and statistical methods using statistical analysis and interpretations of data on committed crimes and the perpetrators of illegal trafficking (with national and international elements).
Findings:
The scope and structure of this crime in the Republic of Macedonia and its international character will be seen through empirical data and discussions.
Research limitations / implications:
Difficulties in the study of the transit position of the Republic of Macedonia within the āBalkan Routeā especially in terms of illegal trafficking, are related to limitations in revealing the dark figure in this type of crime. Our research is largely based on existing scientific expertise and expert estimates and prognosis.
Practical implications:
The practical aim here is to enable the prevention of the transnational illegal trafficking in the Republic of Macedonia as a transit country and its exclusion from the āBalkan Routeā.
Originality/Value:
The conclusions which arise from this study should contribute to creating and updating of the national strategy and optimal measures in combating trafficking in Macedonia by law enforcement agencies, thereby preventing the transit of criminality from the Middle East, through Macedonian territory into the Western countries.Namen prispevka:
Namen prispevka je podati empiriÄni pregled nezakonitega trgovanja z ljudmi, drogami in orožjem v Republiki Makedoniji in njeno vkljuÄenost v transnacionalno kriminaliteto znotraj ābalkanske potiā.
Metode:
Uporabili smo kvalitativno-kvantitativni pristop ā analize trenutne znanstvene literature, akademskih objav in znanstvenih prispevkov s tega podroÄja ter statistiÄne analize in interpretacije podatkov storjenih kaznivih dejanj in storilcev nezakonitega trgovanja (z narodnimi in mednarodnimi elementi).
Ugotovitve:
Skozi empiriÄne podatke in razpravo smo prikazali podroÄje in strukturo tovrstne kriminalitete v Republiki Makedoniji ter njeno mednarodno vpetost.
Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave
Težave tranzicijskega umeÅ”Äanja Republike Makedonije znotraj ābalkanske potiā v zvezi z nezakonitim trgovanjem so povezane predvsem z omejitvami razkrivanja temne plati tovrstne kriminalitete. Raziskava se v veÄji meri naslanja na obstojeÄe znanstvene ugotovitve in ocene ter napovedi strokovnjakov.
PraktiÄna uporabnost:
PraktiÄni cilj je omogoÄiti prepreÄitev transnacionalnega nezakonitega trgovanja v Republiki Makedoniji kot tranzitni državi in njeno izkljuÄitev iz ābalkanske potiā.
Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka:
ZakljuÄki, ki izhajajo iz te Å”tudije, naj bi pripomogli k izoblikovanju in posodobitvi nacionalne strategije in optimalnih meril v boju zoper trgovanja z blagom v Makedoniji, s Äimer naj bi prepreÄevali tranzit kriminalitete s Srednjega Vzhoda preko makedonskega ozemlja v zahodne države
Brezpilotni letalniki kot orožje ā grožnja od zgoraj, uporabljena v teroristiÄne namene
Purpose: The subject of this paper is to determine the threat of drones (unmanned aerial vehicles ā UAVs), which are evolving rapidly and becoming more efficient, powerful, and easily weaponised, with regard to their use by terrorist organisations. Because of the precision, efficiency, and economy of drones, in the last decade terrorist organisations have used these to carry out attacks all over the world. The paper discusses the prevention and the countermeasures undertaken by national authorities, as well as the development of defensive tactics against drone strikes. The paper notes that the threat posed drones is even greater than many imagine, as they can be used to attack critical infrastructure. Design/Methods/Approach: The tactical ways in which terrorist organisations have made malicious use of drones are considered and described in the paper. In order to better understand the core of this problem, the methods and techniques of attack, the characteristics of the drones and the measures taken by the security and intelligence services in the fight against this threat are reviewed and assessed. All these questions were also addressed by theorists researching this field in semi-structured interviews conducted online. Findings: Because of the rapid development of the technology and progress in the area of drone production, as well as their low price and the availability, drones can be easily transformed into improvised explosive devices that are attractive to many terrorist organisations and individuals, producing a new type of asymmetrical threat. The threat coming from air that is posed by drones is very sophisticated and complex, and deserves more attention from national security authorities. Moreover, the development and introduction of protective and preventive approaches and mechanisms on an international level, and full implementation on a national level, is essential to prevent planned attacks with drones. Originality/Value: This topic is rarely discussed in security research and studies. The paper offers a solid overview of the problems and threats that drones are already causing to law enforcement agencies, and the challenges for national authorities with regard to preventing them.Namen tega prispevka je ugotavljanje nevarnosti brezpilotnih letalnikov (dronov), ki se hitro razvijajo in postajajo uÄinkovitejÅ”i, zmogljivejÅ”i in jih je enostavno oborožiti, glede na njihovo uporabo teroristiÄnih organizacij. Zaradi natanÄnosti, uÄinkovitosti in ekonomiÄnosti brezpilotnih letalnikov so jih teroristiÄne organizacije v zadnjem desetletju uporabljale za izvajanje napadov po vsem svetu. Prispevek obravnava prepreÄevanje in protiukrepe, ki jih izvajajo nacionalni organi ter razvoj obrambnih taktik proti napadom z brezpilotnimi letalniki. Avtorji ugotavljajo, da je grožnja napadov z brezpilotnimi letalniki celo veÄja, kot si mnogi predstavljajo, saj jih je mogoÄe uporabiti za napad na kritiÄno infrastrukturo. Metode V prispevku so obravnavani in opisani taktiÄni naÄini zlonamerne uporabe brezpilotnih letalnikov, ki so jo uporabljale teroristiÄne organizacije. Za boljÅ”e razumevanje bistva tega problema so predstavljene in ocenjene metode in tehnike napada, znaÄilnosti brezpilotnih letalnikov ter ukrepi varnostnih in obveÅ”Äevalnih služb v boju proti tej grožnji. Vsa ta vpraÅ”anja so avtorji naslovili tudi v polstrukturiranih intervjujih, opravljenih preko spleta. Ugotovitve Zaradi hitrega razvoja tehnologije in napredka na podroÄju proizvodnje dronov ter njihove nizke cene in razpoložljivosti se ti zlahka spremenijo v improvizirane eksplozivne naprave, ki so privlaÄne za Å”tevilne teroristiÄne organizacije in posameznike, pri Äemer nastane nov tip asimetriÄne grožnje. Grožnja iz zraka, ki jo predstavljajo brezpilotni letalniki, je zelo prefinjena in kompleksna ter si zasluži veÄ pozornosti nacionalnih varnostnih organov. Poleg tega je razvoj in uvedba zaÅ”Äitnih ter preventivnih pristopov in mehanizmov na mednarodni ravni ter njihova popolna implementacija na nacionalni ravni bistvenega pomena za prepreÄevanje naÄrtovanih napadov z brezpilotnimi letalniki. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka O tej temi se v raziskavah in Å”tudijah s podroÄja varnosti redko razpravlja. Prispevek ponuja dober pregled težav in groženj, ki jih brezpilotni letalniki že povzroÄajo organom pregona, ter izzivov za nacionalne organe pri njihovem prepreÄevanju