Some Structural Resuits on Prime Graphs

Given a graph G = (V,E), a subset M of V is a module [17] (or an interval [10] or an autonomous [11] or a clan [8] or a homogeneous set [7] ) of G provided that x ∼ M for each vertex x outside M.  So V,φ and {x}, where x ∈ V , are modules of G, called trivial modules. The graph G is indecomposable [16] if all the modules of G are trivial. Otherwise we say that G is decomposable . The prime graph G is an indecomposable graph with at least four vertices. Let G and H be two graphs. Let If G has no induced subgraph isomorphic to H, then we say that G is H-free. In this paper, we will prove the next theore

Aktivismus, Diskurse und Strategien

Introduction Title page Table of contents Introduction 1   I. Study Subject and Main Questions 1   II. Clarifying Terminology 9   Movement's outcomes             11   Women's Movements Organization 11   Women's activists  12   III.  Methodology  13   Study Methods and Tools   13   Study population and sample 14 1 A Gender Sensitive Reading in the Interpretation of the Women's Movement within the context of Civil Society and New Social Movements Theories 22 The analysis of the women's movements within the context of civil society 23 1.2 Social movements in the context of the New social Movements Theory 29   1.3 Women's Movements, Social Movements and Civil Society: Feminist Critique 32   1.4 Feminist analysis of women's movements  37   1.5 Women's Movement and civil society in the contemporary Jordanian debates: a gender sensitive review 41   General discussion  51 2 The Women's movement in Jordan  55   2.1 The Life Cycles 55   2.2 Contemporary Developments    61   2.3 External and Internal factors shaping the contemporary developments of the women's movement 67   2.3.1  Political Developments Since 1989 67   2.3.1.1 The Parliament dissolved and the elections postponed   70   2.3.1.2  The application of temporary laws 71   2.3.1.3 The Campaign of "Jordan First" 73 2.3.1.4 Jordanian women benefiting from the absence of  the conservative parliament 76   2.3.2 The International interest in women's issues    79   2.3.2.1 The role of the UN international conferences and conventions 79   2.3.2.2 International Aid and the role of the international agencies 81   2.3.3  Transformation at the societal level  85   General discussion   89 3 Activism of Contemporary women's Movement     92   3.1 Organizational form of women's collective action 93   3.1.1 Directed Organizations   94   3.1.1.1 Governmental Initiatives 94   The General Federation of Jordanian women 94   3.1.1.2 The princess Initiatives 99   3.1.1.2.1  The Jordanian National Committee for Women  104   3.1.1.2.2 Jordanian National Forum for Women (JNFW)   106   3.1.1.2.3 Princess Basma Women's Resource Center (PBWRC)  107   3.1.2 Associational Linkages 109   3.1.2.1   Arab Women Organization (AWO)      109   3.1.2.2  The Business and Professional Women?s Club (BPWC) 111   3.1.2.3 The Human Forum for Women?s Rights (HFWR)  111   3.1.3 Independent Women?s Organizations and Initiatives    113   3.1.3.1 The Jordanian Women Union (JWU) 114   3.1.3.2 The National Campaign to Eliminate Crimes of Honor 116   3.2 Members and activists 121 3.2.1 Socioeconomic characteristics of members and activists of women's organizations 122   3.2.2 Members role in decision-making processes within the context of women's organizations   123   3.2.3 Members of women's organizations evaluating the general organizational Performance  129   3.2.4 Types of Member- and Leader-ships within the Women's Movement  131   3.2.5 Leadership Forms and Conditions 133   General Evaluation  136   Women's movement activists 136   Denied  activists: the case of Taujan Faisal 137   Organizational form of Activism   143 4 Women's Interests: Programs and Projects of Women's Organizations 146   4.1 Identifying Women's Interests 146   4.1.1 Women's activists identifying women's interests in Jordan 147   4.1.1.1 Poverty    147   4.1.1.2  Education and Training 149   4.1.1.3  Health, Mother and Child Care 152   4..1.1.4 Legal issues   155   4.1.4.5 Violence against Women 158   4.1.1.6 Political participation, Positions of Power and Decision-Making 161   4.1.4.7 Possible implementation of a Quota system and its impact on women's political participation in Jordan  165   4.2 Projects and the Programs implemented by women's organizations meeting Women's Interests in Jordan  166   4.2.1.1 The National Plan of Action for the Advancement of Jordanian Women 167   4.2.1.2 The National Strategy for Women in Jordan (NSWJ) 168   4.2.1.3 The Socioeconomic Plan for the Period (1999-2003) 173   4.2.1.4  The National Information Center for Women (NICW)    173   4.2.2 Projects and programs implemented by independent and associational women's organizations identifying and meeting women's interests 175   General Discussion 181 5 Limitations and problems facing the women's movement in Jordan   187   5.1 The Role of the State  187   5.1.1  Legal Framework of women's action  188   5.1.2 The Role of the Princess   192   5.2 The societal reaction: the role of Islamism and Tribalism 194 5.3 Autonomy question:  A movement mobilizing resources or resources mobilizing the movement 206   5.4 Problems related to the general performance of women's organizations and lack of competence   209   General Evaluations   212 Conclusions: The Women's movement, political transformation and civil society in Jordan 215   II. Two Approaches of emancipating women  223   III. Determinant factors of the movement's sociopolitical outcomes 225   Final Comments   228   Bibliography 232   Attachment (1) and (2) 244   244   Attachment (3) 250   Attachment (4) 253 Figures Index   Figure (1): Organizational structure of women's organizations supervised by the princess 107   Figure (2): Organizational structure of women's organizations 135   Figure (3): Women's educational levels  158   Figure (4): Average of Number of Births Per Woman according to their Educational Level 162 Tables Index   Table (1): Organizations of the Women's Movement  16   Table (2): Study Population and Sample   18   Table (3):  Socioeconomic backgrounds of members of women's organization 124   Table (4): Membership type and condition 126   Table (5): Member's evaluation of the organizations  129   Table (6): Impacts of the projects and programs implemented by women's organizations on their members 131   Table (7): Types of Membership within the Women's Movement Organizations 132   Table (8): Socioeconomic characteristics of women's organizational activists 134   Table (9): Female illiteracy Rate (15+), 1979-1998 151   Table (10): Number of Men and Women Candidates in the Parliamentary Elections of 1989,1993 and 1997  162 Table (11): Number of elected and appointed members of the Jordanian Parliament based on gender during the years 1989,                   1993, and 1997 163   Table (12): Projects and programs implemented by Independent and associational women's organizations. 179   Table (13): Two main Approaches for emancipating women in Jordan 183This study examines the developments within the contemporary women's movement in Jordan. The analysis tried to place these developments within the mainstream of sociopolitical modernization processes taking place in the country. Such placement includes viewing the women's movement (one of the most dynamic elements of civil society) as an active driving force of sociopolitical change, and looks at sociopolitical outcomes of the women's movements, in terms of emancipating women, and sensitizing the society and state's policies to gender issues, and equal rights of women. In specific terms, the study tried to answer questions related to: What is new in the women's movement of Jordan today? What are the strategies and politics they apply to pursue their objectives? to what extent is the women's movement successful in politicizing women's issues, and in what areas? In addition, what are the resources of the women's movement and to what extent do these assist or hinder the movement's success or failure? To answer these questions the study implemented diverse methods. On one hand, face-to-face interviews were conducted with the activist women, and on the other hand, a questionnaire that aimed at collecting data related to the socioeconomic backgrounds of members and leaders of women's organizations was distributed. Lastly, documents provided by the organizations were analyzed and compared with the several field visits to the organizations conducted during the fieldwork phase. The study found out that two main phases are to be distinguished with respect to the analysis of the women's movement: the emergence phase, and renaissance phase. While the first phase was mainly characterized by charity work, the contemporary phase is enjoying the emergence of a feminist consciousness, which set in motion the introduction of a feminist agenda, which deals with new themes and being carried out by new forms of female activism. The study closes with investigating the sociopolitical obstacles that hinders and limit the work of the women's movement and the politicization of women- specific issues. In this respect, the study evaluated the role of the state represented by state institutions and state figures such as the princess; the role of the gender ideology which is being comprised by the religion and cultural heritage ; and finally the role of structural problems related to the women's movement itself, namely the decision making process, autonomy question and participation structures with women's organizations.Die Abfassung dieser Dissertation über der Zeitgenössischen Frauenbewegung in Jordanien beruhte sich auf zwei Hauptzwecken. Zum Einen, geht es darum die Entwicklung der Frauenbewegung seit 1974 bis heute darzustellen. Dabei sollen die Wirkungen verschiedener nationaler und internationaler sozialpolitischer Faktoren in Betracht gezogen werden.. Gleichzeitig soll gezeigt werden, dass die Frauenbewegung das dynamischste Element der Zivilgesellschaft und eine aktive Triebkraft gesellschaftspolitischer Veränderung ist, und nicht nur ein passiver Empfänger ihrer Auswirkungen. Zweitens hat diese Studie das Ziel, die gesellschaftspolitischen "Outcomes" der Frauenbewegung zu überprüfen: hinsichtlich der Wirkung ihres Emanzipationsprojekts und ihres Versuchs, die Gesellschaft und den Staat für Gender- und Gleichberechtigungspolitik zu sensibilisieren. In diesem Kontext versucht die Studie, einige Fragen zu beantworten, nämlich: Was ist neu an der zeitgenössischen Frauenbewegung hinsichtlich der Formen der Aktivitäten, der Ziele ihrer Arbeit und der Diskurse über die Frauenfrage? Welche Strategien und Politik werden bei der Verwirklichung ihrer Ziele verwendet? Welche Hindernisse und Beschränkungsfaktoren stehen der Verwirklichung der Fraueninteressen in Jordanien im Weg? Und schließlich, in welchen Bereichen haben sie es geschafft, ihre Agenda umzusetzen, und in welchen nicht, und warum? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wurden vielfältige Methoden verwendet. Organisationen der Frauenbewegung waren der Hauptgegenstand der Untersuchungen. Da man nicht alle Frauenorganisationen in Jordanien zur Frauenbewegung rechnen kann, wurden für diese Studie nur Frauenorganisationen (insgesamt neun) untersucht, bei denen sowohl die Mitglieder als auch die Zielgruppe Frauen sind. Anhand dieser ausgewählten Organisationen werden beispielhaft Ziele und Aktivitäten auf der Organisationsebene behandelt. Dazu wurden die von den Organisationen zur Verfügung gestellten Dokumente analysiert und mit den Ergebnissen von Besuchen bei diesen Organisationen verglichen. Die Studie fand heraus, dass es zwei Hauptphasen in bezug auf die Analyse der Frauenbewegung zu unterschieden gibt: Eine Formations-, und Renaissancephase. Während die erste Phase sich auf hauptsächlich von Wohltätigkeitarbeit beziehet, genießt die zeitgenössische Phase die Entsehung eines feministischen Bewusstseins. Diese Bewusstsein wurde von der Durchführung einer feministischen Tagesordnung, charakterisiert, die sich mit neuen Themen wie Gewalt gegen Frauen, Frauen und Politik beschäftigt. Zum Schluss bietet die Studie einer Untersuchung der gesellschaftspolitischen Hindernisse, die die Arbeit der Frauenbewegung und die Politisierung von Frauenfragen beschränken könnten. In diesem Hinblick untersuchte die Studie die Rolle der Staatinstitutionen und Staatfiguren wie die Prinzessin (Basma Bint Talal), die Rolle der Religion und Kulturerbe; Und schließlich die Hindernisse die sich auf den internen Strukturen der Frauenorganisationen beziehen, nämlich die Strukturen den Entscheidungsprozessen, und die Autonomiefrage

The Effect of Computerized Instructional Program in the Intermediate First Grade Students Achievement in Arabic language Grammar in Iraq

The aim of this study was to find out the amount of influence of a Computerized Instructional Program on the achievement for intermediate first grad students in the Arabic language grammar in Iraq. The study focused on students from the first intermediate grade, in the education directorate in the Diqar governorate in Iraq.  While the study sample was intentional, that was selected by the researcher from the governorate’s schools that have computers and relevant Instructional means for education. This was represented in four branches in two groups, experimental and control group (60) male and female students in the experimental group and (60) male and female students in the control group. The researcher has utilized the Computerized Instructional Program as he study instrument for the experimental group, while the control group utilized the educational program in the usual way. The achievement test to the two groups, the experimental and the control groups, and the study reached the following results. There are no differences, with statistical significance at significance level (0.5 ≥ α), between the group’s grades average achievement in the Arabic language grammar subject. These two groups are the experimental group students who were taught by using (the Computerized Program) and students of the control group who were taught by the using the (normal) way in education. There are no differences with statistically significance at significance level(0.5 ≥ α) between the grades mean of the experimental group students who were taught by using (the computerized program) and the grades mean of the control group students who were taught by the (normal) way attribute to the gender variable (males, females). Keywords: effectiveness, computerized instructional program, achievement, arabic language, and grammar

The potential application of canine and human mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury: an in vitro examination of their neurotrophic and angiogenic activities

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event. It causes severe damage to the nervous tissue which can be associated with partial or complete loss of movement and sensation. Recent studies suggested that the benefits of stem cell transplants for SCI may not be restricted to cell restoration alone, e.g. to replace damaged neurons, but also may be due to their capacity to stimulate endogenous cells at wound sites through paracrine activity.Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), in particular, are thought to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, neurotrophic and angiogenic effects and may thus reduce secondary damage and promote neuroregeneration and wound healing after their administration. Experimental studies of small rodent SCI models are currently being used to investigate the MSCs as a promising option for treatments that repair damaged neuronal tissue. However, translation to human patients is still a challenging step. Dogs represent a good large animal model as the causes of SCI in dogs occur naturally and traumatically, and because of the similar scale and heterogeneity of the lesions formed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of canine and human MSCs, focused on the effects of MSC conditioned medium (MSC CM) on neurogenesis and angiogenesis using established responder cell lines, i.e. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells and EA.hy926 endothelial cells. All of the MSCs were derived from adipose tissue, and CD271 was used to isolate subset populations from human MSCs. The study has demonstrated for the first time the potentially beneficial effects of canine MSC CM in promoting SH-SY5Y neurite outgrowth and cell proliferation, as well as EA.hy926 endothelial cell proliferation, cell migration and the formation of endothelial tubules. Further experimentation demonstrated that canine and human adipose-derived MSCs exhibited such neurotrophic and angiogenic effects to a similar extent. This may have important implications for the pre-clinical assessment of MSC paracrine activity in the development of cell transplantation protocols both for dogs and humans. Finally, the study compared the neurotrophic and angiogenic effects of MSC CM from selected subpopulations of human MSCs, i.e. CD271+ versus CD271- and plastic adherent MSCs; this was with a view to establishing whether a more homogeneous MSC population might differ in their paracrine activity. There was no significant difference in the neurogenic effects of these various secretomes; however, MSC CM from humanCD271+MSCs was found to be significantly less pro-angiogenic than human CD271- MSCsor non-selected human MSCs. In conclusion, the study supports the use of MSCs to treat naturally occurring SCI in dogs, and suggests that there is no evidence herein to support preselecting   CD271+ cells

Rehabilitation of concrete structure using composite materials

In the United Arab Emirates, most of the concrete structures including road, infrastructure and different types of buildings have been reported to be in need of rehabilitation. It is universally acknowledged that the environment of the countries in the Arabian Gulf is extremely severe and very aggressive to construction materials and operations. It is anticipated that the cost of rehabilitation of civil infrastructure will gradually increase over the next decade as a direct consequence of the increase in the number of structures reaching their expected service life. Accordingly demand on rehabilitation methods will increase. In addition the severe climatic conditions of the country will require additional features for this method such as excellent exposure to high temperature fluctuation, moisture and UV contents. The main reasons of reinforced concrete structure\u27s deterioration are corrosion of the steel bars (because of high temperature and humidity of the UAE environment) or continual upgrading of service loads (increase of the traffic load on bridges for example). The solution to these problems is to either re-build the structure or repair the concrete. One of the promising solutions to this problem is to use fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) as replacement for the old methods of repair. The advantages of FRP are lightweight, high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, flexibility and electromagnetic resistance. The object cue of this thesis to, investigate the use of FRP as a strengthening method of concrete structures and its long-term performance, especially in the severe climatic conditions prevailing in the Arab Gulf region

The Adoption of Tablet and e-Textbooks: first grade core curriculum and school administration attitude

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using e-textbooks, activities, games, and worksheets that loaded onto students tablets on first grade students’ achievement on their core curriculum (science, math, English, Arabic) compared to the use of the traditional teaching method. It also, investigated the school administration reflection toward the use of Tablet as a teaching tool. The study used a quasi-experimental control group design. The study sample was formed of (80) male and female first grade students who are studying at one private school in the city of Irbid-Jordan, during the first semester of the scholastic year 2014/2015.  An open interview was conducted with the school principle and the principle assistants. A selected software and e-textbook for students’ core curriculum were saved on each student’s tablet. Participants of the study were divided into two groups: the control groups (40 students) were taught using the traditional textbook, and the experimental group (40 students) was taught using Tablet.  Both groups had given a pre-test and a post-test to measure their achievements in their core subjects. The motive for this research was to move from using traditional teaching tools to use tablet as a new teaching tool that can deliver class materials to improve learning outcomes.  The result of the study showed that using e-textbook as a teaching tool had improved students learning and motivated them. School administration reported that using e-textbook on teaching was a good idea. Keywords: core curriculum, tablets, e-learning, elementary education, educational technology, school administration

Most Important Competencies of Cooperating Teachers During the Field-Based Experience: Perceptions of Participants in Two Preschool Teacher Preparation Programs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Cooperating teachers (CTs) are considered one of the most important groups who play a role in the success of student teachers (STs) during their field-based experience (FBE). The literature in the Arabic world about how CTs should fulfill their role has been limited with most of what is available has been conducted in the United States and other western countries. Meanwhile, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Education has established expectations for the number of pre-school children to be enrolled in schools. To serve these children, the Ministry has mandated that pre-school teachers preparation programs set and meet higher standards of quality. In order to determine what standards may be the most important to implement in these programs, this study was the first to be conducted with samples from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to determine the competencies that those professionals involved in FBE believed were the most important to the success of STs.University faculty members, university supervisors, CTs, and STs from two long-standing preschool teacher preparation programs were surveyed to investigate the most important practices CTs should have in four sets of competencies -personal, interpersonal, cognitive, and instructional-- in order to provide effective FBE for STs. Four themes emerged from the results that were often inconsistent with previous research from the United States: 1) the total sample preferred teacher-centered more than constructivist/student-centered practices; 2) different categories of participants held contrasting views on the relative importance of some various competencies; 3) the communication skills of CTs were rated the least important in the interpersonal competency area by the total sample; and 4) of the subsamples, the university supervisors mentioned most frequently the behavior of student teachers\u27 self-reflection on their teaching but not on their cooperating teachers teaching. Many of these results can be explained from cultural and societal lenses. Replication of this research with other samples from other preschool teacher preparation programs will lead to a deeper understanding of key behaviors that will help improve these programs especially during this period when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is engaged in reform and renewal

Ab-initio Restricted Hartree-Fock Formalism using for calculations electronic structure of Grey Tin nanocrystals Crystal

Ab initio restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) method coupled with the large cell method (LUC)is used to simulate relatively large tin nanocrystalls that between 216 and1000 atoms that   include Bravais and primitive cell multiples. The properties of core have been investigated. Results revealed that the electronic properties  converge to some limit as the size of the nanocrystal  increases .Increasing the size of the core of ananocrystal resulted in an increase of energy gap , and cohesive energy in agreement with previous studies

Potato Classification Using Deep Learning

Abstract: Potatoes are edible tubers, available worldwide and all year long. They are relatively cheap to grow, rich in nutrients, and they can make a delicious treat. The humble potato has fallen in popularity in recent years, due to the interest in low-carb foods. However, the fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals it provides can help ward off disease and benefit human health. They are an important staple food in many countries around the world. There are an estimated 200 varieties of potatoes, which can be classified into a number of categories based on the cooked texture and ingredient functionality. Using a public dataset of 2400 images of potatoes, we trained a deep convolutional neural network to identify 4 types (Red, Red Washed, Sweet, and White).The trained model achieved an accuracy of 99.5% of test set, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach