Mycorrhizae Applications in Horticultural Production on Plant growth

Mycorrhizae Applications in Horticultural Production on Plant growth and Nutrient Uptake Under Field Conditions Ibrahim ORTAS Department of Soil Science, University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Adana, Turkey [email protected] application in horticultural production in East Mediterranean region was tested under field conditions for several years. At field conditions, effect of several mycorrhizal species inoculation on seedling survive and plant growth along has been studied. Mycorrhizal dependency of several plants and effect of mycorrhiza on plant growth and root infection also has been studied. The field experiments were set up on Arık soil series (Entic Chromoxerert), located in the Agricultural Faculty Research Farm, University of Çukurova, in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey to determine the effects of several mycorrhizal inoculation on nutrient uptake and yield increases of cucumber, melon, watermelon and pumpkin. Several experiments were performed under filed condition for several years with several plant and mycorrhizae species. Control, Indigenous Mycorrhizae, G. Mosseae, G. Etunicatum, G.Clarum, G.Caledonium and Cocktail mycorrhizae were applied. Mainly seedling quality, seedling survives under filed conditions, and yield response to mycorrhizae was tested. In another experiment with and without P application were used with and without mycorrhizal inoculation. Fruits of plant were collected several times and plant leaves and root samples were taken for nutrient content and mycorrhizal colonization respectively in the blossoming period. After several years under field experiments, mycorrhizal inoculation effectively infected plant root and increased plant yield. So far results revealed that also indigenous mycorrhiza successfully infected plant roots resulting to a better plant growth. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth is changed by effectiveness of inoculum and time. For horticultural seedling quality and surviving it is very important. In all experiments first seedlings were produced for several reasons. In general horticultural fruits plants such as melon, watermelon, cucumber and pumpkin are mycorrhizal dependent plants. Usually plant P and Zn concentration were determined. Mycorrhiza inoculated plant have high P and Zn uptake. After several years’ field experiment, it has been concluded that for horticultural fruits plants significantly response to mycorrhizal species

Mycorrhizal species selectivity of sweet sorghum genotypes and their effect on nutrients uptake

This study aimed to find the effects of several mycorrhiza species on agronomic characteristics and nutrient uptake of various sweet sorghum genotypes under the semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions. Four sweet sorghum genotypes were inoculated with three mycorrhiza species under greenhouse conditions. The plants were evaluated for growth parameters such as shoot height, root length, root morphology (root surface, root diameter and volume), shoot and root dry weight, uptake of macro and micro mineral nutrients, root colonisation and mycorrhizal dependency. Mycorrhizal species significantly improved growth and productivity of sorghum genotypes. Inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus claroideum and Claroideoglomus etunicatum resulted in the highest shoot and total dry matter biomass production in Ashana, Hereahri and Yellow genotypes, respectively. Mycorrhiza inoculated white genotype had higher root colonisation and root development, and shoot P, K, Ca and Mg contents. Yellow genotypes produced significantly higher shoot and total dry weight and also were highly mycorrhiza dependent among the four genotypes. Compared to the control treatment mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot Zn concentration but had non-consistent effects on shoot Cu, Fe and Mn contents. Conclusively, our findings confirmed that sweet sorghum genotypes responded selectively to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonisation for their growth parameters and nutrients uptake

THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ZN DOSES AND MYCORRHIZAE APPLICATION ON HORSE BEAN GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE UNDER STERILE AND NON STERILE SOIL CONDITIONS

WOS: 000449534900002Due to semi-arid Mediterranean climate conditions and soil properties, south east Turkey's soils usually do not contain sufficient amount of plant nutritious elements, especially phosphorous (P) and zinc (Zn). This scarcity conditions is one of the factors limiting agriculture productivity and fertility and consequently, decrease the crop production. Mycorrhiza can be able to increase soil fertility and enhance nutrient uptake and plant growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and different Zn doses on horse bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and nutrient uptake under sterile and non-sterile soils conditions. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with three replications. Horse bean was used as a test plant and Funneliformis mosseae was used as mycorrhiza species (1000 spore plant(-1)). Sterile and non-sterile Karaburun soils series from Cukurova region were used. Two doses of Zn (0 and 5 mg kg(-1)) were used as fertilizer. In both sterilized, non-sterilized soils mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot dry matter and nutrient concentration. The results shown that shoot dry matter and nutrient concentration significantly increased of horse bean plants in non-sterilized soils. Maximum value of % P and Zn concentration was determined and in non-sterilized soils mycorrhiza inoculated have 0.28 % P (0 mg kg(-1)Zn) and in mycorrhiza inoculated sterile soils, 52.1 mg kg(-1)Zn (5 mg kg(-1)Zn). The results are encouraging that the mycorrhiza can be used as an organic fertilizer for plant production under large arable conditions

Screening mycorrhiza species for plant growth, P and Zn uptake in pepper seedling grown under greenhouse conditions

We screened the mycorrhizal species for an inoculum protocol would green pepper seedling production and compensate for nutrient deficiency. Three greenhouse studies (on three successive years) were conducted under nursery conditions using five arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their mixture. The AM fungi, Glomus mosseae, G. clarum, G. caledonium, G. intra radices and G. etunicatum propagated on maize roots were used. The AM fungi were inoculated to seed stages and half of the seed stages inoculated plants were re-inoculated at the seedling stages. In Experiment I, plants were harvested once and in Experiments II and III, plants were harvested twice at different developmental stages

Screening of wild emmer wheat accessions (Triticum turgidum subsp dicoccoides) for mycorrhizal dependency

WOS: 000271799600011Mycorrhizal dependency was studied in 23 wild emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) accessions originating from ecologically and geographically different locations in the Fertile Crescent covering Israel, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. Wild emmer accessions were grown with mycorrhizae (Glomus mosseae) and non-mycorrhizae under greenhouse conditions, and harvested according to the Zadoks scale at growth stage 33. Root, shoot and total dry weight, growth response, root infection, and mycorrhizal dependency were calculated. It was determined that mycorrhizal inoculation increased 4.1-, 3.9-, and 3.9-fold for root, shoot, and total dry weight, respectively, compared to the control. It was found that wild emmer wheat exhibited a wide range of mycorrhizal dependency (56.8%-90.5%) and growth response (144.0%-990.4%), except root colonisation (70.0%-75.0%). Based on these observations, the hypothesis whether or not wild wheat chromosomes have a gene(s) for mycorrhizal response was tested. The experiment was done on the Langdon-T dicoccoides substitution lines, each having an individual chromosome from "wild emmer wheat", T dicoccoides, substituted into the tetraploid wheat cultivar "Langdon" background. Among the Langdon-T dicoccoides substitution lines, mycorrhizal dependency and growth response varied from 70.9% to 87.0% and from 261.1% to 690.0%, respectively, whereas most of the substitution lines were significantly lower than Langdon for these traits. Disomic substitution lines for B genome chromosomes of dicoccoides showed a significant reduction in mycorrhizal dependency and growth response when compared with disomic substitution lines for A genome chromosomes of dicoccoides. These results revealed that B genome chromosomes had a more detrimental effect on mycorrhizal dependency than did A genome chromosomes. The results of this study showed that wild emmer wheat may be used as a source of mycorrhizal dependency in wheat breeding

The Effects of Organic Material and Mycorrhizal Inoculation On Horticultural Seedling Quality

Several experiments were set up to see the effects of several mycorrhiza species and compost treatments on horticultural seedling quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various compost (14 different composts) material applications on tomato and pepper seedling quality, growth and nutrient uptake. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Adana, Turkey. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design in three replications. Ground (< 1mm) basaltic tuff (18%), andesitic tuff (10%) and rock phosphate (2%) were added to compost (70%) used as organic fertilizer. Two growth media (organic fertilizer:soil:sand at 1:1:1 V/V and andesitic tuff:soil:organic fertilizer at 6:3:1 V/V) were used for seedling production. Plants were inoculated with G. caledonium; a level of 1000-spores per pot was placed 3 cm below the seeds. Non-mycorrhizal plants also received the same amount of mycorrhizal spore free medium. The result showed that compost materials contained different amounts of nutrients. Tomato and pepper seedlings showed different responses to each compost material. The results also showed that the mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant length and diameter. Plants had better growth and responded to the mycorrhizal inoculation in 6:3:1 (v/v) more than in 1:1:1 (v/v) growth media. Mycorrhizal inoculation also increased root colonization depending on compost materials. Mycorrhizal inoculation had different effects on plant growth and nutrient uptake depending on compost material. Domestic waste, animal fertilizers (cows and sheep), chicken manure, different plant materials and mushroom waste were determined to be the most suitable compost material for plant growth

The Effects of Organic Material and Mycorrhizal Inoculation On Horticultural Seedling Quality

Several experiments were set up to see the effects of several mycorrhiza species and compost treatments on horticultural seedling quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various compost (14 different composts) material applications on tomato and pepper seedling quality, growth and nutrient uptake. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Adana, Turkey. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design in three replications. Ground (< 1mm) basaltic tuff (18%), andesitic tuff (10%) and rock phosphate (2%) were added to compost (70%) used as organic fertilizer. Two growth media (organic fertilizer:soil:sand at 1:1:1 V/V and andesitic tuff:soil:organic fertilizer at 6:3:1 V/V) were used for seedling production. Plants were inoculated with G. caledonium; a level of 1000-spores per pot was placed 3 cm below the seeds. Non-mycorrhizal plants also received the same amount of mycorrhizal spore free medium. The result showed that compost materials contained different amounts of nutrients. Tomato and pepper seedlings showed different responses to each compost material. The results also showed that the mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant length and diameter. Plants had better growth and responded to the mycorrhizal inoculation in 6:3:1 (v/v) more than in 1:1:1 (v/v) growth media. Mycorrhizal inoculation also increased root colonization depending on compost materials. Mycorrhizal inoculation had different effects on plant growth and nutrient uptake depending on compost material. Domestic waste, animal fertilizers (cows and sheep), chicken manure, different plant materials and mushroom waste were determined to be the most suitable compost material for plant growth

Reduced root mycorrhizal colonization as affected by phosphorus fertilization is responsible for high cadmium accumulation in wheat

Aims Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are often considered an important source of cadmium (Cd) in crop plants. However, increased plant Cd concentrations are not strictly related to the Cd content of P fertilizers. Considering this, we hypothesized that, alternatively, reduction of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization by P fertilization enhances Cd accumulation in plants. Methods Wheat and canola as mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal species, respectively, were grown under greenhouse conditions with and without soil sterilization. Phosphorus fertilizers with 0.09, 5, and 28 mg Cd kg(-1) were applied at different rates with varied zinc (Zn) fertilization. Results In wheat, all three P fertilizers markedly increased shoot and grain Cd concentrations as P supply was increased, irrespective of the Cd concentration in the fertilizers. These increases were pronounced with soil sterilization or at low zinc supply. Adding mycorrhizal fungi to sterilized soil substantially decreased shoot Cd concentrations. We found a strong negative relationship in wheat between mycorrhizal colonization and shoot Cd concentration, for both high- and low-Cd fertilizers. In contrast to wheat, shoot Cd concentrations in canola showed virtually no response to P supply or soil sterilization. High Zn application also reduced plant Cd concentrations, especially at high P rates. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the critical importance of mycorrhizal colonization in reducing Cd accumulation in wheat, and suggest that factors suppressing root mycorrhizal activity including P fertilization, will increase Cd uptake in mycorrhizal plants