PRODUTIVIDADE E CARACTERÍSTICAS REPRODUTIVAS DO ARUANÃ, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES: OSTEOGLOSSIDAE), NO LAGO GRANDE, BACIA DO RIO PUTUMAYO, PERU

Due to the importance of ornamental fishing of silver arowana, as well as, Lago Grande lake as one of the main areas for capturing baby arowanas in Peru, the present study aimed to evaluate the productivity and the biological-reproductive characteristics of the species in the lake, which is located in the lower basin of the Putumayo River and represents an area preferred by fishermen because the important populations of silver arowana inhabiting it. Analysis of population density, biometrics, sexual maturity, spawning, fecundity, sex ratio, water level of the lake and production of baby arowana were made. The study was developed between March and July of 2012 and to implement the activities of the study was important the participation of the Association of Fishermen “Fronteras Vivas”. In general, the population density extrapolated to the lake area was 1.29 fish/ha. Of these, the density of progenitors in the lake was 1.19 fish/ha. Also, male animals had total length, standard length and total weight higher than females and it was observed that the spawning period occurred in synchronization with the start of the growing of the hydrological regime. The average number of oocytes produced by females of silver arowana in the study area was 201 and the sex ratio was equilibrated. Furthermore, the study shows the capacity of production of the lake. In order to this the water lever influenced in the production of baby arowanas. It is important to continue studying the species for regulate the fishing and recover populations.Keywords: baby arowana; production; ornamental trade; length of first sexual maturity; fishing.Devido à importância da pesca ornamental de aruanã, e da lagoa Lago Grande como uma das principais áreas para a captura de alevinos de aruanã no Peru, o presente estudo tive como objetivo avaliar a produtividade e as características reprodutivas na espécie na lagoa, a mesma que está localizada na bacia baixa do Rio Putumayo e representa uma das áreas de pesca preferidas pela importante população de aruanã que a habitam. Foram feitas análises de densidade populacional, biometria, maturidade sexual, desova, fecundidade, proporção sexual, níveis da água na lagoa e sobre a produção de alevinos de aruanã. O estudo foi desenvolvido entre março a julho de 2012 e as atividades foram realizadas em parceria com a Agrupação de Pescadores “Fronteras Vivas”. De modo geral, a densidade populacional extrapolada à área da lagoa foi de 1.29 peixes∕ha. Daqueles, a densidade de progenitores na lagoa foi de 1.19 peixes∕ha. Além disso, os machos tiveram comprimento total e padrão e peso total maior do que as fêmeas, e foi observado que o período de desova ocorreu em sincronia com o início da crescente no nível das águas. A média de oocitos produzidos por fêmeas de aruanã foi de 201 e a proporção sexual foi equilibrada. Assim mesmo, o estudo mostra a capacidade de produção da lago. Nesse sentido, o nível da água influenciou na produção de alevinos de aruanã. É importante continuar os estudos da espécie para regulamentar a pesca e recuperar populações.Palavras-chave: alevinos de aruanã, produção, comércio ornamental, comprimento de primeira maturidade sexual, pesca

Outcomes of Patients Presenting with Mild Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Insights from the LUNG SAFE Study

BACKGROUND: Patients with initial mild acute respiratory distress syndrome are often underrecognized and mistakenly considered to have low disease severity and favorable outcomes. They represent a relatively poorly characterized population that was only classified as having acute respiratory distress syndrome in the most recent definition. Our primary objective was to describe the natural course and the factors associated with worsening and mortality in this population. METHODS: This study analyzed patients from the international prospective Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE) who had initial mild acute respiratory distress syndrome in the first day of inclusion. This study defined three groups based on the evolution of severity in the first week: "worsening" if moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome criteria were met, "persisting" if mild acute respiratory distress syndrome criteria were the most severe category, and "improving" if patients did not fulfill acute respiratory distress syndrome criteria any more from day 2. RESULTS: Among 580 patients with initial mild acute respiratory distress syndrome, 18% (103 of 580) continuously improved, 36% (210 of 580) had persisting mild acute respiratory distress syndrome, and 46% (267 of 580) worsened in the first week after acute respiratory distress syndrome onset. Global in-hospital mortality was 30% (172 of 576; specifically 10% [10 of 101], 30% [63 of 210], and 37% [99 of 265] for patients with improving, persisting, and worsening acute respiratory distress syndrome, respectively), and the median (interquartile range) duration of mechanical ventilation was 7 (4, 14) days (specifically 3 [2, 5], 7 [4, 14], and 11 [6, 18] days for patients with improving, persisting, and worsening acute respiratory distress syndrome, respectively). Admissions for trauma or pneumonia, higher nonpulmonary sequential organ failure assessment score, lower partial pressure of alveolar oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen, and higher peak inspiratory pressure were independently associated with worsening. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with initial mild acute respiratory distress syndrome continue to fulfill acute respiratory distress syndrome criteria in the first week, and nearly half worsen in severity. Their mortality is high, particularly in patients with worsening acute respiratory distress syndrome, emphasizing the need for close attention to this patient population.status: publishe