Christopher St German: religion, conscience and law in Reformation England

This chapter reassesses Christopher St German's "Doctor and Student". After setting out St German's life, religious beliefs and theory of equity, it argues that we should see the work principally as a work directed to religious concerns. St German's concerns were principally spiritual. His discussion of human law and human courts was directed to showing that knowledge of this human law was required for confessors and individuals seeking to avoid sin. His concern was with individual conscience, rather than the institutional conscience of the Chancery

Common law scholarship and the written word

This chapter considers early-modern common law scholarship both in the Inns of Court and outside of them. It investigates the relationship between oral scholarship in the Inns, manuscript and printed texts. Particular attention is paid to the issue of the circulation of legal scholarship, particularly in manuscript, the possibility of scribal production, and the limits on such circulation. The chapter also considers the purpose(s) behind certain forms of scholarship, such as patronage, and the textual sources used by common lawyers

Trace inheritance—Clarifying the zircon O-Hf isotopic fingerprint of I-type granite sources: Implications for the restite model

Early to mid Carboniferous I-type granites distributed in a broad meridional belt west of Sydney, southeastern Australia, represent the last phase of granite magmatism in the southern Lachlan Fold Belt. Rare inherited zircon in the granites, in combination with zircon precipitated from the melt phase of the magmas, provides direct evidence of the nature and age of the source rocks from which the granites were derived, and the isotopic compositions of those rocks. Most granites from the north and central parts of the belt, represented by the Wuuluman, Home Rule, Oberon and Lett plutons (334 ± 3, 328 ± 4, 339 ± 2 and 328 ± 2 Ma, respectively), are characterized by scarce inherited zircon dominantly of Siluro-Devonian age, consistent with all being derived from a common zircon-poor source rock of mid to late Devonian age. Based on the isotopic compositions of the igneous zircon rims, that source was relatively homogeneous and immature (δ18Ozrn 6–7‰, εHf(t) 0–+4). Two samples of the Tarana pluton (331 ± 2 Ma), near the centre of the belt, show evidence for heterogeneity in that source and the presence of a more evolved component that is also more zircon rich. Together with the Lett pluton from the same geochemical suite, their zircon rim compositions define a mixing array between more and less evolved end members (δ¹⁸Ozrn 5.5–9.5‰, εHf(t) -4–+4). Only in the southern Chapmans Creek pluton (327 ± 3 Ma) is there clear evidence that the source of the granite also contained a minor component with a similar older protolith to the LFB early Palaeozoic sediments that host most of the LFB pre-Carboniferous granites. Presence of that component, which overwhelmingly dominates the inheritance in the pre-Carboniferous granites, is also reflected in a slightly elevated whole rock initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (> 0.7050) and igneous δ¹⁸Ozrn (ca. 7.5‰), but not in the igneous zircon εHf(t) (ca. +2). The amount of restitic zircon in granite is determined by not only the proportion of restite present but also the zircon contents of the various source rock components. The process of restite unmixing does not necessarily mean that more mafic, restite-rich granites will contain more inherited zircon.This work was funded by ARC grant DP0559604 to ISW. HJ also received support from an ANU PhD scholarship

Isotope age constraint for the Blue Dyke and Jardine Peak subvertical intrusions of King George Island, West Antarctica

The Blue Dyke and Jardine Peak are subvertical hypabyssal intrusions cutting a stratiform volcanic sequence in the Admiralty Bay area on King George Island (South Shetlands, Antarctica). The rocks are porphyritic, crystal−rich basaltic andesites. Tiny zir− con crystals were used for single grain SHRIMP U−Pb dating. The mean ages calculated for the zircon populations from both intrusions indicates Late Oligocene (Chattian) formations. Zircon grains from the Blue Dyke gave the mean age of 27.9±0.3 Ma, whereas those from the Jardine Peak are slightly younger displaying the mean age of 25.4 ± 0.4 Ma: a Late Oligocene (Chattian) crystallization age the inferred of both these intrusions. These are much younger than previous Eocene K−Ar and Ar−Ar ages for such rocks and suggest that formation of the King George Island intrusions can be related to tectonic processes that ac− companied the opening of the Drake Passage

The interfacial, emulsification and encapsulation properties of hydrophobically modified inulin

Octenyl- and dodecenyl succinic anhydride derivatives (OSA- and DDSA-) of inulin have been synthesised and their solution and interfacial properties have been determined and compared to a commercially available alkylated inulin, Inutec SP1. All samples formed micellar aggregates in solution above a critical concentration (critical aggregation concentration) and were able to ‘dissolve’ a hydrophobic dye. They were also able to form stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions as assessed by measurements of their droplet size as a function of time. DDSA-inulin with a high degree of substitution was found to be effective at encapsulating beta carotene using the solvent evaporation method which yielded a solid which dissolved readily in simulated gastric fluid. The results confirm the potential application of these materials in a number of areas including, drug delivery, pharmaceuticals, neutraceuticals, cosmetics and personal care

Pre-1.91 Ga deformation and metamorphism in the Palaeoproterozoic Vammala Migmatite Belt, southern Finland, and implications for Svecofennian tectonics

A metamorphic event in the Vammala Migmatite Belt (VMB) at ~1.92 Ga, revealed by SHRIMP U-Pb analyses of both zircon overgrowths and monazite, is interpreted as post-depositional and is correlated with the development of the early high-grade schistosity. Neither this Early Svecofennian deformation and metamorphism, nor the associatedcomplex folding, is present in the overlying Tampere Schist Belt (TSB) sequence, consistent with the VMB being part of a pre-1.91 Ga basement complex. The ~1.92 Ga event provides a maximum deposition age for the TSB, confirming earlier age estimates. Earlier stratigraphic correlations between parts of the VMB and TSB, and associated tectonic interpretations, can no longer be sustained. The crustal thickening seen in the VMB, and previously attributed to arc accretion at ~1.89 Ga, is now attributed to accretion of a large Svionian marginal basin during the ‘Early Svecofennian’ orogenicphase at ~1.92 Ga. This is of similar age to the deformation and metamorphism associated with collision in the Lapland-Kola Orogen to the north of the Karelian Province. The well-known post-TSB orogenic phase was also identified in the VMB by a monazite age of 1881±6 Ma. A granitoid intrusion gave an emplacement age of 1888±5 Ma,comparable to the age of granitoid clasts in the upper part of the TSB succession. The detrital zircon data are interpreted to suggest that deposition of the precursor VMB sediments probably took place soon after an earlier pre-depositional metamorphism at ~1.98 Ga, which affected igneous source complexes dated at ~1.99 Ga and ~2.01 Ga. Mafic rocks in the southern part of the VMB, and probably also the Haveri basalts, represent a renewed episode of extensional magmatism, which might correlate with the 1.96–1.95 Ga Jormua and Outokumpu ophiolites. A pre-1.96 Ga older stage basin has an expression in Sweden and complexes of similar age occur in theconcealed Palaeoproterozoic basement south of the Gulf of Finland. Similar rocks, deformed and metamorphosed before ~1.96 Ga, might be present beneath the Central Finland granitoid complex and the late Svecofennian granite-migmatite zone, and were possibly more local sources for both the younger stage Svionian basin sediments andthe post-1.91 Ga Bothnian Basin sediments. The TSB and other post-accretionary volcanic sequences, and the associated plutonism,are interpreted to reflect a ~40 m.y. extensional period, inboard of the contemporaneous active margin, between orogenic phases at ~1.92 Ga and ~1.88 Ga. This interpretation provides a more satisfactory explanation of the major heat input to the crust over a very wide area than does the arc accretion hypothesis. The tectonic evolutionof the Svecofennian Province has strong similarities to that of the Palaeozoic Lachlan Fold Belt in eastern Australia

Zircon U–Pb geochronology of paragneisses and biotite

Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U–Th–Pb age determinations on detrital and inherited zircon from the E ´ vora Massif (SW Iberian Massif, Portugal) provide direct evidence for the provenance of the Ossa–Morena Ediacaran basins (Se´rie Negra) and a palaeogeographical link with the West African craton. Three samples of the Se´rie Negra paragneisses contain large components of Cryogenian and Ediacaran (c. 700–540 Ma) detrital zircon, but have a marked lack of zircon of Mesoproterozoic (c. 1.8–0.9 Ga) age. Older inherited zircons are of Palaeoproterozoic (c. 2.4–1.8 Ga) and Archaean (c. 3.5–2.5 Ga) age. The same age pattern is also found in the Arraiolos biotite granite, which was formed by partial melting of the Se´rie Negra and overlying Cambrian rocks. These results are consistent with substantial denudation of a continental region that supplied sediments to the Ediacaran Ossa–Morena basins during the final stages of the Cadomian–Avalonian orogeny (peri-Gondwanan margin with principal zircon-forming events at c. 575 Ma and c. 615 Ma). Combined with the detrital zircon ages reported for rocks of the same age from Portugal, Spain, Germany and Algeria, our data suggest that the sediment supply to the Ediacaran–Early Palaeozoic siliciclastic sequences preserved in all these peri- Gondwanan regions was similar. The lack of Grenvillian-aged (c. 1.1–0.9 Ga) zircon in the Ossa–Morena and Saxo-Thuringia Ediacaran sediments suggests that the sediment in these peri-Gondwanan basins was derived from the West African craton

A principled approach to interactive hierarchical non-linear visualization of high-dimensional data

Hierarchical visualization systems are desirable because a single twodimensional visualization plot may not be sufficient to capture all of the interesting aspects of complex high-dimensional data sets. We extend an existing locally linear hierarchical visualization system PhiVis [1] in several directions: (1) we allow for non-linear projection manifolds (the basic building block is the Generative Topographic Mapping – GTM), (2) we introduce a general formulation of hierarchical probabilistic models consisting of local probabilistic models organized in a hierarchical tree, (3) we describe folding patterns of low-dimensional projection manifold in high-dimensional data space by computing and visualizing the manifold’s local directional curvatures. Quantities such as magnification factors [3] and directional curvatures are helpful for understanding the layout of the nonlinear projection manifold in the data space and for further refinement of the hierarchical visualization plot. Like PhiVis, our system is statistically principled and is built interactively in a top-down fashion using the EM algorithm. We demonstrate the visualization system principle of the approach on a complex 12-dimensional data set and mention possible applications in the pharmaceutical industry.Final Accepted Versio