Fecal sludge management: diagnostics for service delivery in urban areas - report of a FSM study in Hawassa, Ethiopia

This report summarizes the main findings of a case study on fecal sludge management in Hawassa,Ethiopia. The specific objectives of the study were: to provide quantitative and qualitative data on the sanitation situation in Hawassa from a socio-economic perspective, specifically as it relates to FSM; to do the above in such a way that the data is representative of the city as a whole but also providing a separate picture of the situation in low-income areas, primarily through qualitative means in the Hawassa case; to provide initial recommendations to guide discussions around future interventions in the sanitation sector in Hawassa, by contributing credible data and analysis; and to inform the development of analytical tools and guidelines, by road-testing draft tools using primary data collection

Diagnostic and decision-support tools for effective faecal sludge management (FSM) services

Achieving effective faecal sludge management (FSM) from on-site sanitation systems is critical to improving sanitation in urban settlements. Research conducted in 2014-16 by OPM Ltd and WEDC, on behalf of and with the World Bank WSP, used extensive primary data from five cities in the global South to develop a comprehensive suite of FSM diagnostic and decision-support tools. This paper describes the development and use of the tools, while illustrating two key tools. The resulting suite of tools, together with associated resources, provides a comprehensive and usable basis to help guide FSM intervention options, informed by an understanding of existing FSM services, within the context of the enabling environment and political economy realities of the city

Fecal sludge management: diagnostics for service delivery in urban areas - case study in Dhaka, Bangladesh

This report summarises the main findings of a case study on fecal sludge management in Dhaka, Bangladesh. There are five city case studies as part of this project (Balikpapan, Dhaka, Freetown, Lima and Santa Cruz). The specific objectives of the Dhaka study were: to provide quantitative and qualitative data on the sanitation situation in Dhaka from a socio-economic perspective, specifically as it relates to FSM; to do the above in such a way that the data is representative of the city as a whole but also providing a separate picture of the situation in slums (especially the slum areas of Mirpur and Uttara where a World Bank-supported project is underway); to provide initial recommendations to guide discussions around future interventions in the sanitation sector in Dhaka, by contributing credible data and analysis; and to inform the development of analytical tools and guidelines for using them, by road-testing draft tools using primary data collection

Fecal sludge management: diagnostics for service delivery in urban areas - terms of reference

This document contains a generic terms of reference (TOR) for contracting a firm to carry out data collection, data analysis and production of the outputs of the diagnostic tool

Fecal sludge management: diagnostics for service delivery in urban areas - summary report

Urban sanitation remains a significant challenge for most low- and middle-income countries. The urban population of the group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) more than tripled between 1990 and 2015. While access to sanitation in LDCs has increased in relative terms, in absolute terms the number of people using unimproved sanitation has increased. Under the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there is now a focus on the whole sanitation service chain from containment through to disposal. The challenge for urban sanitation under the SDGs is therefore not only to achieve universal access to toilets, but also that all excreta is safely managed along the whole sanitation service chain. This document provides a summary of the diagnostic tools developed for assessing FSM services and is based on field work carried out in the five cities of Balikpapan in Indonesia, Dhaka in Bangladesh, Hawassa in Ethiopia, Lima in Peru and Santa Cruz in Bolivia. It summarizes the tools themselves, lessons learnt about their use, and general policy recommendations

Fecal sludge management: diagnostics for service delivery in urban areas - tools and guidelines

Addressing the need for fecal sludge management (FSM) from on-site sanitation systems is critical to improving sanitation in poor urban settlements. A preliminary review of the status of FSM in 12 cities, using secondary data, adopted certain diagnostic tools and proposed that others be developed further. This study has since been built on by further World Bank work using extensive primary data from five cities (Balikpapan, Dhaka, Hawassa, Lima and Santa Cruz). Using the field data, a series of diagnostic and decision-support tools have been developed to guide FSM intervention options in the context of the economic and political economy reality. This report describes diagnostic and decision-support tools to guide the improvement of FSM services. It also advises how to use them, with links to a number of other resources. Related documents include (i) a summary report on the tools, and experiences of using them in the context of five city case studies, and (ii) the data collection protocols and instruments and (iii) terms of reference

Diagnostics for assessing city-wide sanitation services

This paper presents results of research that has developed a set of diagnostic and decision-support tools for assessing sanitation services city-wide. It highlights features of the tools and illustrates key results from their validation through application in five cities worldwide. Collective use of these tools reveals and explains the complexities of the enabling environment and political economy within which sanitation services are delivered. Results present not only the status quo of services but also reasons for them being so. The tools have proven effective in guiding the collection, analysis and discussion of evidence, as a precursor to detailed feasibility studies, necessary to ultimately plan appropriate city-wide sanitation interventions

The Internet and copyright - modes of the use and scope of protection of the work (traditional usage, peer to peer networks, email ...)

The Internet and copyright - modes of the use and scope of protection of the work (traditional usage, peer-to-peer networks, email...) The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the relation between the internet and copyright. The aim of the thesis is to analyse modes of the use (traditional usage, peer-to- peer networks, inking, e-mail...) and scope of protection of the work on the internet from the legal point of view and also to explore new ways, alternatives and potential changes of this conception. The reason for my research is the fact, that the internet is new, dynamic, and one of the most important phenomena of the current interconnected world and copyright hardly keeps up with it. The thesis consists of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of copyright on the internet. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis. Firstly, it describes the internet as a legal term and provides a short view of its history. The second term I am dealing with in this chapter is copyright - its principles, historical background and basic sources of copyright law including international, European and Czech law. Chapter Two examines relevant Czech legislation on copyright. The chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part One focuses on the work and its types and..

Trading Off Global Fuel Supply, CO₂ Emissions and Sustainable Development

<div><p>The United Nations Conference on Climate Change (Paris 2015) reached an international agreement to keep the rise in global average temperature ‘well below 2°C’ and to ‘aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C’. These reductions will have to be made in the face of rising global energy demand. Here a thoroughly validated dynamic econometric model (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149406#pone.0149406.e001" target="_blank">Eq 1</a>) is used to forecast global energy demand growth (International Energy Agency and BP), which is driven by an increase of the global population (UN), energy use per person and real GDP (World Bank and Maddison). Even relatively conservative assumptions put a severe upward pressure on forecast global energy demand and highlight three areas of concern. First, is the potential for an exponential increase of fossil fuel consumption, if renewable energy systems are not rapidly scaled up. Second, implementation of internationally mandated CO₂ emission controls are forecast to place serious constraints on fossil fuel use from ~2030 onward, raising energy security implications. Third is the challenge of maintaining the international ‘pro-growth’ strategy being used to meet poverty alleviation targets, while reducing CO₂ emissions. Our findings place global economists and environmentalists on the same side as they indicate that the scale up of CO₂ neutral renewable energy systems is not only important to protect against climate change, but to enhance global energy security by reducing our dependence of fossil fuels and to provide a sustainable basis for economic development and poverty alleviation. Very hard choices will have to be made to achieve ‘sustainable development’ goals.</p></div

Fecal sludge management tools: data collection instruments

This document contains data collection instruments to support data collection, for which the resulting data will inform diagnostic and decision-making tools for Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) services. The diagnostic and decision-making tools shown are those developed in a World Bank global FSM study (2016) that are further described in (i) a Summary Report of the FSM study (ii) Tools and Guidelines for improving fecal sludge management (FSM) services