Detecting proteomic indicators to distinguish diabetic nephropathy from hypertensive nephrosclerosis by integrating matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging with high-mass accuracy mass spectrometry

Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HN) represent the most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and many patients progress to -end-stage renal disease. Patients are treated primarily through the management of cardiovas-cular risk factors and hypertension; however patients with HN have a more favorable outcome. A noninvasive clinical approach to separate these two entities, especially in hypertensive patients who also have diabetes, would allow for targeted treatment and more appropriate resource allocation to those patients at the highest risk of CKD progression. Meth-ods: In this preliminary study, high-spatial-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ion-ization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was integrated with high-mass accuracy MALDI-FTICR-MS and nLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis in order to detect tissue proteins within kidney biopsies to discriminate cases of DN (n = 9) from cases of HN (n = 9). Results: Differences in the tryptic peptide profiles of the 2 groups could clearly be detected, with these becoming even more evident in the more severe histological classes, even if this was not evident with routine histology. In particular, 4 putative proteins were detected and had a higher signal intensity within regions of DN tissue with extensive sclerosis or fibrosis. Among these, 2 proteins (PGRMC1 and CO3) had a signal intensity that increased at the latter stages of the disease and may be associated with progression. Discussion/Conclusion: This preliminary study represents a valuable starting point for a future study employing a larger cohort of patients to develop sensitive and specific protein biomarkers that could reliably differentiate between diabetic and hypertensive causes of CKD to allow for improved diagnosis, fewer biopsy procedures, and refined treatment approaches for clinicians.Proteomic

Light-Promoted Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide¿An Overview

[EN] Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide is considered as a viable strategy to generate fuels while closing the carbon cycle (heavily disrupted by the abuse in the exploitation of fossil resources) and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The process can be performed by heat-powered catalytic processes, albeit conversion and selectivity tend to be reduced at increasing temperatures owing to thermodynamic constraints. Recent investigations, as summarised in this overview, have proven that light activation is a distinct possibility for the promotion of CO2 hydrogenation to fuels. This effect is particularly beneficial in methanation processes, which can be enhanced under simulated solar irradiation using materials based on metallic nanoparticles as catalysts. The use of nickel, ruthenium and rhodium has led to substantial efficiencies. Light-promoted processes entail performances on a par with (or even superior to) those of thermally-induced, industrially-relevant, commercial technologies.The author thanks the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO) for financial support via a project for young researchers (CTQ2015-74138-JIN), and the ‘‘Severo Ochoa’’ programme (SEV 2012-0267). The European Union is also acknowledged for the SynCatMatch project (ERCAdG-2014-671093)Puga Vaca, A. (2016). Light-Promoted Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide¿An Overview. Topics in Catalysis. 59(15-16):1268-1278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-016-0658-zS126812785915-16Centi G, Perathoner S (2009) Opportunities and prospects in the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to fuels. Catal Today 148:191–205Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Angelini A (2014) Catalysis for the valorization of exhaust carbon: from CO2 to chemicals, materials, and fuels. technological use of CO2. Chem Rev 114:1709–1742Centi G, Quadrelli EA, Perathoner S (2013) Catalysis for CO2 conversion: a key technology for rapid introduction of renewable energy in the value chain of chemical industries. Energy Environ Sci 6:1711–1731Wang W, Wang S, Ma X, Gong J (2011) Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Chem Soc Rev 40:3703–3727Gao J, Liu Q, Gu F, Liu B, Zhong Z, Su F (2015) Recent advances in methanation catalysts for the production of synthetic natural gas. RSC Adv 5:22759–22776Armaroli N, Balzani V (2011) The hydrogen issue. ChemSusChem 4:21–36Gao J, Wang Y, Ping Y, Hu D, Xu G, Gu F, Su F (2012) A thermodynamic analysis of methanation reactions of carbon oxides for the production of synthetic natural gas. RSC Adv 2:2358–2368Jadhav SG, Vaidya PD, Bhanage BM, Joshi JB (2014) Catalytic carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol: a review of recent studies. Chem Eng Res Des 92:2557–2567de Richter RK, Ming T, Caillol S (2013) Fighting global warming by photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using giant photocatalytic reactors. Renew Sust Energ Rev 19:82–106Schach M-O, Schneider R, Schramm H, Repke J-U (2010) Techno-economic analysis of postcombustion processes for the capture of carbon dioxide from power plant flue gas. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:2363–2370Centi G, Perathoner S (2010) Towards solar fuels from water and CO2. ChemSusChem 3:195–208Corma A, Garcia H (2013) Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 for fuel production: possibilities and challenges. J Catal 308:168–175Izumi Y (2013) Recent advances in the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels with water and/or hydrogen using solar energy and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 257:171–186Dhakshinamoorthy A, Navalon S, Corma A, Garcia H (2012) Photocatalytic CO2 reduction by TiO2 and related titanium containing solids. Energy Environ Sci 5:9217–9233Indrakanti VP, Kubicki JD, Schobert HH (2009) Photoinduced activation of CO2 on Ti-based heterogeneous catalysts: current state, chemical physics-based insights and outlook. Energy Environ Sci 2:745–758Ozin GA (2015) You can’t have an energy revolution without transforming advances in materials, chemistry and catalysis into policy change and action. Energy Environ Sci 8:1682–1684Ozin GA (2015) Throwing new light on the reduction of CO2. Adv Mater 27:1957–1963Abe T, Tanizawa M, Watanabe K, Taguchi A (2009) CO2 methanation property of Ru nanoparticle-loaded TiO2 prepared by a polygonal barrel-sputtering method. Energy Environ Sci 2:315–321Li Y, Lu G, Ma J (2014) Highly active and stable nano NiO-MgO catalyst encapsulated by silica with a core-shell structure for CO2 methanation. RSC Adv 4:17420–17428Garbarino G, Bellotti D, Riani P, Magistri L, Busca G (2015) Methanation of carbon dioxide on Ru/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts at atmospheric pressure: catalysts activation, behaviour and stability. Int J Hydrogen Energy 40:9171–9182Carenco S, Wu C-H, Shavorskiy A, Alayoglu S, Somorjai GA, Bluhm H, Salmeron M (2015) Synthesis and structural evolution of nickel-cobalt nanoparticles under H2 and CO2. Small 11:3045–3053Sharafutdinov I, Elkjaer CF, de Carvalho HWP, Gardini D, Chiarello GL, Damsgaard CD, Wagner JB, Grunwaldt J-D, Dahl S, Chorkendorff I (2014) Intermetallic compounds of Ni and Ga as catalysts for the synthesis of methanol. J Catal 320:77–88Studt F, Sharafutdinov I, Abild-Pedersen F, Elkjaer CF, Hummelshøj JS, Dahl S, Chorkendorff I, Nørskov JK (2014) Discovery of a Ni-Ga catalyst for carbon dioxide reduction to methanol. Nat Chem 6:320–324Garbarino G, Riani P, Magistri L, Busca G (2014) A study of the methanation of carbon dioxide on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts at atmospheric pressure. Int J Hydrogen Energy 39:11557–11565Iablokov V, Beaumont SK, Alayoglu S, Pushkarev VV, Specht C, Gao J, Alivisatos AP, Kruse N, Somorjai GA (2012) Size-controlled model CO nanoparticle catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic reactions. Nano Lett 12:3091–3096Behrens M, Studt F, Kasatkin I, Kühl S, Hävecker M, Abild-Pedersen F, Zander S, Girgsdies F, Kurr P, Kniep B-L, Tovar M, Fischer RW, Nørskov JK, Schlögl R (2012) The active site of methanol synthesis over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 industrial catalysts. Science 336:893–897Graciani J, Mudiyanselage K, Xu F, Baber AE, Evans J, Senanayake SD, Stacchiola DJ, Liu P, Hrbek J, Fernández Sanz J, Rodriguez JA (2014) Highly active copper-ceria and copper-ceria-titania catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2. Science 345:546–550Fiordaliso EM, Sharafutdinov I, Carvalho HWP, Grunwaldt J-D, Hansen TW, Chorkendorff I, Wagner JB, Damsgaard CD (2015) Intermetallic GaPd2 nanoparticles on SiO2 for low-pressure CO2 hydrogenation to methanol: catalytic performance and in situ characterization. ACS Catal 5:5827–5836Kohno Y, Tanaka T, Funabiki T, Yoshida S (1997) Photoreduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen over ZrO2. Chem Commun 9:841–842Kohno Y, Tanaka T, Funabiki T, Yoshida S (2000) Photoreduction of CO2 with H2 over ZrO2. A study of interaction of hydrogen with photoexcited CO2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2:2635–2639Kohno Y, Ishikawa H, Tanaka T, Funabiki T, Yoshida S (2001) Photoreduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen over magnesium oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 3:1108–1113Teramura K, Tsuneoka H, Shishido T, Tanaka T (2008) Effect of H2 gas as a reductant on photoreduction of CO2 over a Ga2O3 photocatalyst. Chem Phys Lett 467:191–194Tsuneoka H, Teramura K, Shishido T, Tanaka T (2010) Adsorbed Species of CO2 and H2 on Ga2O3 for the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2. J Phys Chem C 114:8892–8898Teramura K, S-i Okuoka, Tsuneoka H, Shishido T, Tanaka T (2010) Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using H2 as reductant over ATaO3 photocatalysts (A = Li, Na, K). Appl Catal B 96:565–568Kohno Y, Hayashi H, Takenaka S, Tanaka T, Funabiki T, Yoshida S (1999) Photo-enhanced reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen over Rh/TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A 126:117–123Lo C-C, Hung C-H, Yuan C-S, Wu J-F (2007) Photoreduction of carbon dioxide with H2 and H2O over TiO2 and ZrO2 in a circulated photocatalytic reactor. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 91:1765–1774Hoch LB, Wood TE, O’Brien PG, Liao K, Reyes LM, Mims CA, Ozin GA (2014) The rational design of a single-component photocatalyst for gas-phase CO2 reduction using both UV and visible light. Adv Sci 1:1400013Li M, Li P, Chang K, Wang T, Liu L, Kang Q, Ouyang S, Ye J (2015) Highly efficient and stable photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH4 over Ru loaded NaTaO3. Chem Commun 51:7645–7648Tahir M, Amin NS (2015) Photocatalytic CO2 reduction with H2 as reductant over copper and indium co-doped TiO2 nanocatalysts in a monolith photoreactor. Appl Catal A 493:90–102Tahir M, Amin NS (2016) Performance analysis of nanostructured NiO–In2O3/TiO2 catalyst for CO2 photoreduction with H2 in a monolith photoreactor. Chem Eng J 285:635–649Ahmed N, Shibata Y, Taniguchi T, Izumi Y (2011) Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol using zinc-copper-M(III) (M = aluminum, gallium) layered double hydroxides. J Catal 279:123–135Ahmed N, Morikawa M, Izumi Y (2012) Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol using optimized layered double hydroxide catalysts. Catal Today 185:263–269Yang C-C, Vernimmen J, Meynen V, Cool P, Mul G (2011) Mechanistic study of hydrocarbon formation in photocatalytic CO2 reduction over Ti-SBA-15. J Catal 284:1–8Thampi KR, Kiwi J, Grätzel M (1987) Methanation and photo-methanation of carbon-dioxide at room-temperature and atmospheric pressure. Nature 327:506–508O’Brien PG, Sandhel A, Wood TE, Jelle AA, Hoch LB, Perovic DD, Mims CA, Ozin GA (2014) Photomethanation of gaseous CO2 over RU/silicon nanowire catalysts with visible and near-infrared photons. Adv Sci 1:1400001Meng X, Wang T, Liu L, Ouyang S, Li P, Hu H, Kako T, Iwai H, Tanaka A, Ye J (2014) Photothermal conversion of CO2 into CH4 with H2 over group VIII nanocatalysts: an alternative approach for solar fuel production. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:11478–11482Sastre F, Puga AV, Liu L, Corma A, García H (2014) Complete photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methane by H2 under solar light irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 136:6798–6801Hong J, Zhang W, Ren J, Xu R (2013) Photocatalytic reduction of CO2: a brief review on product analysis and systematic methods. Anal Methods 5:1086–1097Yang C-C, Yu Y-H, van der Linden B, Wu JCS, Mul G (2010) Artificial photosynthesis over crystalline TiO2-based catalysts: fact or fiction. J Am Chem Soc 132:8398–8406Kohno Y, Tanaka T, Funabiki T, Yoshida S (1998) Identification and reactivity of a surface intermediate in the photoreduction of CO2 with H2 over ZrO2. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 94:1875–1880Teramura K, Tanaka T, Ishikawa H, Kohno Y, Funabiki T (2004) Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO in the presence of H2 or CH4 as a reductant over MgO. J Phys Chem B 108:346–354Zhang H, Wang T, Wang J, Liu H, Dao TD, Li M, Liu G, Meng X, Chang K, Shi L, Nagao T, Ye J (2016) Surface-plasmon-enhanced photodriven CO2 reduction catalyzed by metal-organic-framework-derived iron nanoparticles encapsulated by ultrathin carbon layers. Adv Mater 28:3703–3710Morikawa M, Ahmed N, Yoshida Y, Izumi Y (2014) Photoconversion of carbon dioxide in zinc-copper-gallium layered double hydroxides: the kinetics to hydrogen carbonate and further to CO/methanol. Appl Catal B 144:561–569Sabatier P (1910) Making methane or mixtures of methane and hydrogen, US Pat. 956734Melsheimer J, Guo W, Ziegler D, Wesemann M, Schlögl R (1991) Methanation of carbon dioxide over Ru/Titania at room temperature: explorations for a photoassisted catalytic reaction. Catal Lett 11:157–168Lin X, Yang K, Si R, Chen X, Dai W, Fu X (2014) Photoassisted catalytic methanation of CO in H2-rich stream over Ru/TiO2. Appl Catal B 147:585–591Lin X, Lin L, Huang K, Chen X, Dai W, Fu X (2015) CO methanation promoted by UV irradiation over Ni/TiO2. Appl Catal B 168–169:416–422Sastre F, Oteri M, Corma A, García H (2013) Photocatalytic water gas shift using visible or simulated solar light for the efficient, room-temperature hydrogen generation. Energy Environ Sci 6:2211–2215Sastre F, Corma A, García H (2013) Visible-light photocatalytic conversion of carbon monoxide to methane by nickel(ii) oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:12983–12987Zhao Y, Zhao B, Liu J, Chen G, Gao R, Yao S, Li M, Zhang Q, Gu L, Xie J, Wen X, Wu L-Z, Tung C-H, Ma D, Zhang T (2016) Oxide-modified nickel photocatalyst for the production of hydrocarbons in visible light. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55:4215–4219Albero J, Garcia H, Corma A (2016) Temperature dependence of solar light assisted CO2 reduction on Ni based photocatalyst. Top Catal 59:787–79

Dealloying of Cobalt from CuCo Nanoparticles under Syngas Exposure

International audienceThe structure and composition of core−shell CuCo nanoparticles were found to change as a result of cleaning pretreatments and when exposed to syngas (CO + H 2) at atmospheric pressure. In situ X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopies revealed the oxidation state of the particles as well as the presence of adsorbates under syngas. Transmission electron microscopy was used for ex situ analysis of the shape, elemental composition, and structure after reaction. The original core−shell structure was found to change to a hollow CuCo alloy after pretreatment by oxidation in pure O 2 and reduction in pure H 2. After 30 min of exposure to syngas, a significant fraction (5%) of the particles was strongly depleted in cobalt giving copper-rich nanoparticles. This fraction increased with duration of syngas exposure, a phenomenon that did not occur under pure CO or pure H 2. This study suggests that Co and Cu can each individually contribute to syngas conversion with CuCo catalysts

Position-space representation of charged particles’ propagators in a constant magnetic field as an expansion over Landau levels

We have obtained propagators in the position space as an expansion over Landau levels for the charged scalar particle, fermion, and massive vector boson in a constant external magnetic field. The summation terms in the resulting expressions consisted of two factors, one being rotationally invariant in the 2-dimensional Euclidean space perpendicular to the direction of the field, and the other being Lorentz-invariant in the 1+1-dimensional space-time. The obtained representations are unique in the sense that they allow for the simultaneous study of the propagator from both space-time and energetic perspectives which are implicitly connected. These results contribute to the development of position-space techniques in QFT and are expected to be of use in the calculations of loop diagrams

Mesoporous silicon carbide: Via nanocasting of Ludox® xerogel

Porous SiC with uniformly sized 12 nm and 22 nm spherical mesopores was synthesized from nanocomposites of polycarbosilane (PCS) preceramic polymer and xerogels of Ludox® SiO2 nanoparticles as templates. The influence of PCS type (Mw 800 and 2000 Da), PCS:SiO2 ratio, pyrolysis temperature 1200-1400 °C, and addition of Ni complex to the preceramic composite was studied with respect to the SiC porous morphology, crystalline structure and chemical properties. We found that the pore walls of Ni-free por-SiC are composed of relatively large (20 nm) crystallites embedded inside a poorly crystalline SiC/SiC1+x phase. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature resulted in an increase of the large crystallites fraction, as well as of the stability with regard to air oxidation; however, some degradation of the porous morphology was noted too. The presence of Ni (1.5% wt relatively to PCS) noticeably improved the crystallinity of por-SiC prepared at 1200-1300 °C, with no degradation of the porous morphology occurring. On the other hand, higher Ni loadings and temperatures led to the transformation of the porous morphology into aggregates of irregularly packed large crystallites.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe