Dropping rho and A_1 Meson Masses at Chiral Phase Transition in the Generalized Hidden Local Symmetry

We study the chiral symmetry restoration using the generalized hidden local symmetry (GHLS) which incorporates the rho and A_1 mesons as the gauge bosons of the GHLS and the pion as the Nambu-Goldstone boson consistently with the chiral symmetry of QCD. We show that a set of parameter relations, which ensures the first and second Weinberg's sum rules, is invariant under the renormalization group evolution. Then, we found that the Weinberg's sum rules together with the matching of the vector and axial-vector current correlators inevitably leads to {\it the dropping masses of both rho and A_1 mesons} at the symmetry restoration point, and that the mass ratio as well as the mixing angle between the pion and A_1 meson flows into one of three fixed points.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures; references added and discussions expande

ガン カンゴ ニオイテ イッパン ビョウトウ カンゴシ ガ イダク カンジョウ ニ カンスル ブンケン ケントウ

目的　本研究の目的は一般病棟でがん患者に関わる看護師はどのような経験から消極的感情を持つのかということを先行文献から概観し、その現状を明らかにすることである。また、一般病棟でがん患者に関わる看護師への支援のあり方を検討する。方法　医学中央雑誌web版Ver.5を使用し、一般病棟でがん患者に関わる看護師がこれまでの経験のなかでの消極的感情に関する内容が含まれた11文献を分析対象とし、文献の研究目的と内容を照らし合わせながら精読し概要をまとめた。結果　一般病棟でがん患者に関わる看護師は、告知に関連すること、終末期がん患者との関わり、肺がん患者との関わりのなかで消極的感情を抱いていた。また、複数の文献において患者の思いを尊重した看護が提供できない現状にも消極的感情を抱いていた。結論　一般病棟でがん患者に関わる看護師がこれまでの経験のなかで抱いた消極的感情にはさまざまな要因があり、多くの看護師が患者の思いを尊重した看護が提供できない現状に消極的感情を抱いていた。患者と関わる時間を確保するための看護体制を整えていくことや看護師自身が経験を振り返り、がん患者の看護に生かしていけるような看護師への支援が求められる

AL amyloidosis with non-amyloid forming monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition; a case mimicking AHL amyloidosis

BackgroundImmunoglobulin heavy-and-light-chain amyloidosis (AHL amyloidosis) is a newly established disease entity where both the immunoglobulin heavy-chain and light-chain compose amyloid fibrils. The immunoglobulins responsible for the amyloid fibrils are generally identified by immunostaining and/or laser microdissection-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LMD-LC-MS/MS). However, both techniques do not biochemically differentiate immunoglobulins that formed amyloid fibrils from non-responsible immunoglobulins.Case presentationWe herein report a case of 67-year-old female patient with renal amyloidosis due to lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma secreting monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM)-kappa. Renal immunostaining monotypically positive for IgM-kappa and LMD-LC-MS/MS identification of mu heavy-chain and kappa light-chain were consistent with the diagnosis of AHL amyloidosis. In order to confirm that both the immunoglobulin heavy-chain and light-chain were forming amyloid fibrils, we performed LC-MS/MS of renal amyloid fibrils isolated by the traditional amyloid purification method. The additional LC-MS/MS identified kappa light-chain only without any heavy-chain component. These results were suggestive that amyloid fibrils were composed by kappa light-chain only and that the mu heavy-chain identified by immunostaining and LMD-LC-MS/MS was derived from the non-specific co-deposition of monoclonal IgM-kappa.ConclusionThe case was AL amyloidosis with non-amyloid forming monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition. While immunostaining and LMD-LC-MS/MS are irreplaceable techniques to classify amyloidosis, confident exclusion of the present condition should be required to diagnose AHL amyloidosis

Association of pneumococcal carriage in infants with the risk of carriage among their contacts in Nha Trang, Vietnam: A nested cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Infants are at highest risk of pneumococcal disease. Their added protection through herd effects is a key part in the considerations on optimal pneumococcal vaccination strategies. Yet, little is currently known about the main transmission pathways to this vulnerable age group. Hence, this study investigates pneumococcal transmission routes to infants in the coastal city of Nha Trang, Vietnam. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In October 2018, we conducted a nested cross-sectional contact and pneumococcal carriage survey in randomly selected 4- to 11-month-old infants across all 27 communes of Nha Trang. Bayesian logistic regression models were used to estimate age specific carriage prevalence in the population, a proxy for the probability that a contact of a given age could lead to pneumococcal exposure for the infant. We used another Bayesian logistic regression model to estimate the correlation between infant carriage and the probability that at least one of their reported contacts carried pneumococci, controlling for age and locality. In total, 1,583 infants between 4 and 13 months old participated, with 7,428 contacts reported. Few infants (5%, or 86 infants) attended day care, and carriage prevalence was 22% (353 infants). Most infants (61%, or 966 infants) had less than a 25% probability to have had close contact with a pneumococcal carrier on the surveyed day. Pneumococcal infection risk and contact behaviour were highly correlated: If adjusted for age and locality, the odds of an infant's carriage increased by 22% (95% confidence interval (CI): 15 to 29) per 10 percentage points increase in the probability to have had close contact with at least 1 pneumococcal carrier. Moreover, 2- to 6-year-old children contributed 51% (95% CI: 39 to 63) to the total direct pneumococcal exposure risks to infants in this setting. The main limitation of this study is that exposure risk was assessed indirectly by the age-dependent propensity for carriage of a contact and not by assessing carriage of such contacts directly. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we observed that cross-sectional contact and infection studies could help identify pneumococcal transmission routes and that preschool-age children may be the largest reservoir for pneumococcal transmission to infants in Nha Trang, Vietnam

Emergence of new types of Theileria orientalis in Australian cattle and possible cause of theileriosis outbreaks

Theileria parasites cause a benign infection of cattle in parts of Australia where they are endemic, but have, in recent years, been suspected of being responsible for a number of outbreaks of disease in cattle near the coast of New South Wales. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the species of Theileria in cattle on six farms in New South Wales where disease outbreaks have occurred, and compare with Theileria from three disease-free farms in Queensland that is endemic for Theileria. Special reference was made to sub-typing of T. orientalis by type-specific PCR and sequencing of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, and sequence analysis of the gene encoding a polymorphic merozoite/piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) that may be under immune selection. Nucleotide sequencing of SSU rRNA and MPSP genes revealed the presence of four Theileria genotypes: T. orientalis (buffeli), T. orientalis (ikeda), T. orientalis (chitose) and T. orientalis type 4 (MPSP) or type C (SSU rRNA). The majority of animals showed mixed infections while a few showed single infection. When MPSP nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acids, base transition did not change amino acid composition of the protein product, suggesting possible silent polymorphism. The occurrence of ikeda and type 4 (type C) previously not reported to occur and silent mutation is thought to have enhanced parasite evasion of the host immune response causing the outbreak

Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on prevalence of otitis media with effusion among children in Vietnam.

PURPOSE: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is common in young children and is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. We aimed to determine the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction on the prevalence of OME and OME associated with vaccine-type (VT) or non-VT. METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted in pre- (2016) and post-PCV periods (2017, 2018, and 2019) at selected communes in Nha Trang, Vietnam. For each survey, we randomly selected 60 children aged 4-11 months and 60 aged 14-23 months from each commune. Nasopharyngeal sample collection and tympanic membrane examination by digital otoscope were performed. S. pneumoniae was detected and serotyped by lytA qPCR and microarray. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Firth's logistic regression, stratified by age group. RESULTS: Over the four surveys, 2089 children had a bilateral ear examination. Compared to pre-PCV, the prevalence of OME reduced in 2018 (OR 0.51, 95 %CI 0.28-0.93) and in 2019 (OR 0.53, 95 %CI 0.29-0.97) among the <12-month-olds, but no significant reduction among the 12-23-month-olds. The prevalence of OME associated with VT pneumococcus decreased in 2018 and 2019 (2018: OR 0.14, 95 %CI 0.03-0.55; 2019: OR 0.20, 95 %CI 0.05-0.69 in the <12-months-olds, 2018: OR 0.05, 95 %CI 0.00-0.44, 2019: OR 0.41, 95 %CI 0.10-1.61 in the 12-23-months-olds). The prevalence of OME associated with non-VT pneumococcus increased in the 12-23-month-olds in 2017 (OR 3.09, 95 %CI 1.47-7.45) and returned to the pre-PCV level of prevalence in 2018 and 2019 (OR 0.94, 95 %CI 0.40-2.43 and 1.40, 95 %CI 0.63-3.49). CONCLUSION: PCV10 introduction was associated with a reduction of OME prevalence in infants but not in older children