Control of Nucleotide Metabolism and Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis During Nitrogen Starvation of \u3cem\u3eEscherichia coli\u3c/em\u3e

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis and ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism were studied in cultures of Escherichia coli subjected to starvation for inorganic nitrogen. In a strain that was under stringent control, a 50-fold reduction in the formation of both 16S and 23S RNA was accompanied by a severe restriction on nucleotide biosynthesis. These inhibitions were relieved in part by incubating the starved cells with amino acids. This result suggests that regulation by the functional RNA control (RC) gene is involved in the effect. This suggestion was confirmed by showing that the effector of the stringent response, guanosine-5′-diphosphate-2′- or 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp), accumulated at the onset of starvation and disappeared immediately when the amino acids were added. Ribosomal RNA synthesis was severely restricted and the same nucleotide, ppGpp, accumulated at the onset of nitrogen starvation of a relaxed mutant too. These findings suggest that a control mechanism other than the one provided by the functional rel gene might operate to regulate RNA synthesis and that this mechanism is expressed through the synthesis of ppGpp

L-Arabinose Isomerase Formation in a Conditional Mutant of Gene \u3cem\u3earaA\u3c/em\u3e of \u3cem\u3eEscherichia coli\u3c/em\u3e B/r

A temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli in which the synthesis of l-arabinose isomerase is blocked during growth at 42 C was found to possess the following properties. (i) The mutation occurred in the structural gene for the isomerase, gene araA. (ii) During growth at elevated temperatures the mutant accumulates a product which is a precursor to the active enzyme. (iii) The precursor produced at 42 C is slowly converted to active enzyme at 28 C in the absence of protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis. It is concluded that the mutation results in a change in the structure of isomerase which causes formation of active enzyme to be thermolabile at a step beyond the level of translation

Toward the World Novel: Genre Shifts in Twenty-First-Century Expatriate Fiction

Presents an analysis of the emergence of new genres of international--especially expatriate--fiction in 21st-century US letters

The Space of Genre in the New Green Novel

An examination of spatial themes in the emerging genre of environmental fiction. Originally presented as a talk at the Futures of American Literature event at Uppsala University (Sweden)

Climate Fiction in English

An introductory survey of climate fiction (a.k.a. "cli-fi") in English. Written with an international readership in mind

Conservative management of residual and recurrent lesions after carotid endarterectomy: Long-term results

AbstractPurpose: To document the natural history of residual and recurrent carotid stenoses that are initially treated without surgery, and to identify risk factors for recurrent stenosis. Methods: Review of data from a prospective carotid database with clinical and duplex follow-up. Analysis of rate of restenosis and rate of late reoperation by life table. Risk factor analysis by χ2 and LEE-DESU statistics. Results: Three hundred forty-eight patients were available for follow-up, with 12 residual lesions (3.7%) and 22 recurrent lesions (6.6%). Rate of recurrent stenosis by life table analysis was 8.7% and 13% at 3 and 5 years. Restenosis was associated with smoking (p = 0.04) and contralateral progression. Only 21% of patients were underwent an operation within 5 years (p = 0.007) of restenosis developing, but eventually 10 of 22 patients required reoperation at long-term follow-up, eight for symptoms and two for progressive proximal stenoses. The late stroke rate was increased in patients who had residual or recurrent lesions compared with those who had normal duplex study results (18% vs 6%; p = 0.16) and was related to the ipsilateral artery. Conclusions: Recurrent lesions that remain asymptomatic can be managed without operation with likelihood of success in the near term (5 years). However, these patients are at increased risk of late stroke, and almost half will eventually require operation. Therefore, in good-risk patients operation for asymptomatic restenoses should be considered. (J Vasc Surg 1997;26:963-72.

Pengaruh Tingkat Pengetabuan. Konsumen Mengenai . Diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen No.8 Tabuo 1999 Terbadap Tingkat Kepuasan Konsumen Pengguna Kariu Kredit Mastercard/Visa di Gelael Supermarket Surabaya

Globalisasi dan perdagangan nasional telah menghasilkan berbagai variasi barang JanJatau jasa yang dapat dikonsumsi. Kondisl yang demikian pada satu pihak mempunyai nanfaat bagi konsumen, karena kebutuhan konsumen akan barang dan/atau jasa yang iiinginkan dapat terpenuhi serta semakin terbuka lebar kebebasan untuk memilih aneka enis dan kualitas barang dan/atau jasa sesuai dengan keinginan dan kemampuan ~onsumen. Di sisi lain, kondisi dan fenomena tersebut dapat mengakibatkan kedudukan 1elaku usaha dan konsumen menjadi tidak seimbang dan konsumen berada pada posisi ,lang lemah. Faktor utama yang menjadi kelemahan adalah tingkat kesadaran konsumen lkan haknya masih rendah. Hal ini terutama disebabkan oleh rendahnya tingkat Jengetahuan konsumen mengenai diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen No. g Tahun 1999 yang mengatur tentang hak dan kepentingan konsumen. Dan sudut perlindungan konsumen, penggunaan. teknologi perbankan tidak cukup hanya menawarkan berbagai kemudahan dan fasilitas kepada konsumen. Pemanfaatannya harus diikuti pula dan segi keamanan bagi konsumen. Praktek perbankan di Indonesia mengindikasikan bahwa yang paling banyak dirugikan adalah konsumen. Penyampaian IOformasi produk perbankan yang seharusnya disampaikan secara profesional belum jilakukan. Artinya, bank hanya menginformasikan keunggulan/kekhasan produknya saja lanpa menjelaskan sistem keamanan penggunaan produk yang ditawarkan. Melihat hal tersebut, peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui sejauh mana tingkat pengetahuan konsumen mengenai diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen NO.8 Tahun 1999 terhadap tingkat kepuasan konsumen pengguna kartu kredit \1astercard/V i sa. Subyek penelitian adalah sejumlah 40 orang yang di pilih seC8ra acak dari scluruh daftar customer yang berbelanja dengan menggunakan kartu kredit Mastercard/Visa selama bulan Desember 2001 di Gelael Supermarket. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data menggunakan SPSS dengan program analisis regresi dimana korelasi yang terjadi F=44.138 dengan p=O.OO, maka hipotesa keTja yang menyebutkan ada pengaruh antara tingkat pengetahuall konsumen mengenal diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen NO.8 Tahun 1999 terhadap tingkat kepuasan konsumen pengguna kartu kredit Mastercard/Visa di Gelael Supermarket Surabaya diterima. Koefisien determinan R2=O.537, berarti variabel tingkat pengetahuan konsumen mengenai diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen No. 8 Tahun 1999 menyumbang sejumlah 53.7% terhadap tingkat kepuasan konsumen pengguna kartu kredit Mastercard/Visa di Gelael Supermarket Surabaya. Berdasarkan perbandingan bobot prediktor maka terdapat hubungan yang arahnya positif pada prediktor terhadap knterium, artinya semakin tinggi tingkat pengetahuan konsumen mengenai diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen No. g Tahun 1999, maka semakin tinggi pula tingkat kepuasan konsumen pengguna kartu kredit Mastercard/Visa di Gelael Supermarket Surabaya

Metabolomic and transcriptomic stress response of Escherichia coli

GC-MS-based analysis of the metabolic response of Escherichia coli exposed to four different stress conditions reveals reduction of energy expensive pathways.Time-resolved response of E. coli to changing environmental conditions is more specific on the metabolite as compared with the transcript level.Cease of growth during stress response as compared with stationary phase response invokes similar transcript but dissimilar metabolite responses.Condition-dependent associations between metabolites and transcripts are revealed applying co-clustering and canonical correlation analysis