A model structure via orbit spaces for equivariant homotopy

For a given group $G$ and a collection of subgroups $\mathcal F$ of $G$, we show that there exist a left induced model structure on the category of right $G$-simplicial sets, in which the weak equivalences and cofibrations are the maps that induce weak equivalences and cofibrations on the $H$-orbits for all $H$ in $\mathcal F$. This gives a model categorical criterion for maps that induce weak equivalences on $H$-orbits to be weak equivalences in the $\mathcal F$-model structure.Comment: 9 page

Intraocular Hemorrhage due to use of Sildenafil in a Patient with Diabetes

Sildenafil is one of the most commonly used drugs for sexual dysfunction or to increase libido, and it regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme via selective phosphodiesterase-V inhibition. Sildenafil can be easily obtained without a medical indication or prescription yet it is not considered as a completely safe medication. Hemoptysis and hemorrhagic stroke are some important adverse effects of sildenafil. The case of the current report was a 67-year-old diabetic patient with simultaneous anterior and posterior segment hemorrhage after the use of 100 mg sildenafil citrate. Anterior chamber clearance and pars plana vitrectomy were performed for the patient because the hyphema and vitreous hemorrhage did not resolve during the follow-up period. There are very limited data available in the literature suggesting an increase in the risk of hyphema or vitreous hemorrhage due to the use of sildenafil. This is the first report that reveals the bleeding effect of sildenafil use in a patient with type 2 diabetes

The Relationship of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio with Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome

This study was conducted to reveal the role of systemic low-grade inflammation by calculating the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) in Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome (VMTS) of different etiologies. A retrospective examination was made of the medical records at a tertiary referral hospital. The study included 31 patients with diabetic VMTS, 27 patients with idiopathic VMTS, and 35 healthy subjects as the control group. The White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) was compared. There were  insignificant differences between the groups in terms of mean age and female/male ratio (P>0.05). The mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) of NLR was calculated as 2.43 ± 0.83 in the diabetic VMTS group, 2.38 ± 0.96 in the idiopathic VMTS group, and 1.83 ± 0.52 in the control group (P=0.007). The values of the diabetic and idiopathic VMTS groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P=0.002 and P=0.032, respectively). However, differences between the diabetic and idiopathic VMTS groups were insignificant (P=0.651). This study found significantly higher NLR in patients with diabetic and idiopathic VMTS than the control group. Elevated NLR could therefore be a potential indicator of VMTS, irrespective of the etiology

Subfatin concentration decreases in acute coronary syndrome

We investigated the association of serum subfatin concentration and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI). In this study, patients who presented with chest pain (STEMI, NSTEMI, or non-cardiac chest pain) were included, i.e. 49 patients with non-cardiac chest pain (control) and 66 patients hospitalised with AMI. In the AMI group, 35 patients had NSTEMI and 31 had STEMI. Serum subfatin concentrations were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Descriptive data on the patients and their comorbidities were recorded, and subfatin concentrations were analysed. Subfatin concentrations were significantly different in the control, STEMI and NSTEMI groups (P = 0.002). In addition, subfatin concentrations were significantly lower in patients in the NSTEMI group than those in the control group (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between STEMI and the control group (P = 0.143). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis performed for differentiating the AMI and control groups found that subfatin had 64% sensitivity and 69% specificity, whereas troponin had 59% sensitivity and 95% specificity. In patients with AMI, the ROC analysis for differentiating NSTEMI from STEMI found that subfatin had 94% sensitivity and 41% specificity, while troponin had 65% sensitivity and 88% specificity. Subfatin concentrations were lower in patients without STEMI than in patients with STEMI. Subfatin concentration is associated with NSTEMI

Connective tissue growth factor in human gingiva, and studies of lysyl oxidase processing proteinases

Thesis (D.Sc.D)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 2001 (Oral Biology)Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-86).The first part of our studies is focused on gingival overgrowth. Gingival overgrowth is characterized by excess extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. TGF-J31 regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was assessed for the first time in human gingival cells and tissues. CTGF protein is strongly induced by TGF-J31 in human gingival fibroblasts. Exogenous addition of CTGF to gingival fibroblasts stimulates production of lysyl oxidase enzyme activity up to 1.5-fold after 48 hours, and 50 ng/ml CTGF stimulated insoluble collagen accumulation by only 1.5 to 2.0 fold after 4 to18 days of treatment. Thus, although CTGF itself contributes to increased insoluble collagenous extracellular matrix accumulation, CTGF does not mediate more potent effects of TGF-J31. Gingival overgrowth samples obtained from patients undergoing therapy with phenytoin, nifedipine, and cyclosporin A and control tissues from systemically healthy donors were subjected to immunohistochemistry by staining with CTGF, and TGF-J3 l antibodies. The results indicate for the first time increased levels of CTGF protein in overgrown gingival tissues, particularly in phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth. The second part of our studies is focused on the Bmpl-related genes. The Bmpl gene encodes bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) and mammalian Tolloid-like (mTLD), both of which have procollagen C-proteinase activity. Two BMP-1/mTLD­related protease genes named mammalian Tolloid-like 1 and 2 (Till and Tll2) have recently been described. The present study determines and compares the abilities of recombinant BMP-1, mTLD, mTLL-1, and mTLL-2 to process a recombinant pro-lysyl oxidase fusion protein in vitro. Results suggest that recombinant BMP-1, mTLD, and mTLL-1 productively cleave pro-lysyl oxidase at the correct physiological site in vitro, and that BMP-1 itself appears to be the most efficient lysyl oxidase processing activity while mTLL-2 was shown to process pro-lysyl oxidase slowly in vitro. These studies suggest that pro-lysyl oxidase processing may depend principally on the presence of Bmpl gene products, and that mTLL-1, and mTLL-2 may contribute to pro-lysyl oxidase processing

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Proton Transfer in Narrow Ionomer Pores

Die Porengröße eines Ionomers in Polymerelektrolytbrennstoffzellen determiniert maßgeblich dessen Protonenleitfähigkeit. UnterAnwendungvon ab initio Molekulardynamik (MD)wurde der Transfer von Protonen bereits in unterschiedlichen theoretischen Studien anhand verschiedener Modelle enger Poren mit niedrigem Hydratationsniveau simuliert. Die Diffusion der Protonen wird wesentlich durch den so genannten Grotthuss-Mechanismus angetrieben, dessen Voraussetzung die Vernetzung des Protonenkomplexes über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit Wassermolekulen ist. Ziel war es daher hier, die Dynamik, Quantität, Fluktuation sowie Persistenz von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen in engen Poren zu ermitteln und zu untersuchen. Gegenstand sind Ionomer-Poren, bestehend aus hydrophilen Sulfonatgruppen und dem hydrophoben Rückgrat des Ionomers. Die Auswirkung des Wassergehalts auf das chemische Gleichgewicht innerhalb der Ionomer-Poren wird anhand der Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten verschiedener Zustände des Protonenkomplexes aufgezeigt. Dabei erfolgt die Dissoziation von Protonen, wenn die Anzahl der Wassermoleküle pro hydrophiler Sulfonatgruppe, ungefähr den Wert 3 erreicht. Die Abhängigkeit der Konzentration an Hydronium- und Zundel- Zuständen der Protonenkomplexe vom Wassergehalt wird dargelegt und diskutiert. Außerdem wird das Einsetzen des Protonentransports innerhalb der engen Ionomer-Pore durch den Vergleich der Diffusionskoefzienten bei unterschiedlichem Wassergehalt demonstriert. Faktoren, wie "hydrophile Fallen", die bezüglich der Poren-Beschaffenheit die Protonenmobilität einschränken könnten, werden dargelegt und erörtert. Zudem werden die günstigsten Abstände der hydrophilen Gruppen zueinander vorgeschlagen. Das hier aufgezeigte Dichtespektrum der Ionomer-Poren, welches Aufschluss über die dynamischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften des molekularen Systems gibt, verdeutlicht, dass einige der Banden des Spektrums mit den verschiedenen Protonenkomplexen assoziert sind.In polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells the narrowness of the ionomer pore may be considered as the rate determining factor for proton transfer. This proton conduction has been studied theoretically in various models of such narrow pores with low hydration levels by using ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The diffusion of a proton is possible, or at least strongly enhanced by the so called Grotthuss-mechanism, which has as a prerequisite the existence of hydrogen-bonded water molecules around the proton complex. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the hydrogen bonds in order to obtain life times, fluctuations, and average numbers of hydrogen bonds in narrow pores, consisting here of hydrophilic sulfonate groups and the hydrophobic backbone of the ionomer. The effect of the water content on the chemical equilibria within these narrow pores is demonstrated by establishing the probabilities of observing different states of the proton complex. Dissociation occurs when the number of water molecules per hydrophilic sulfonate group, is around 3. Dependencies of the concentration of hydronium and Zundel states of proton complexes on the water content are shown. The onset of the proton mobility in the narrow ionomer pore is demonstrated by comparing the diffusion coeffcients at various levels of water contents. Possible factors related to the pore structure, which hinder the proton mobility, such as hydrophilic traps, are discussed. The most favorable spacing between hydrophilic groups is suggested. The spectral densities of the translational motion of atoms in the ionomer pore, which shed light on the dynamical and structural properties of the molecular system, are represented, suggesting, that some of the bands in the spectral densities are associated with the different proton complexe

A Deep Learning-Based Hybrid Approach to Detect Fastener Defects in Real-Time

A fastener is an important component used to fix the rail in railways. Defects in this component cause the rail and ballast to remain unstable. If the defective fasteners are not replaced in time, it is inevitable that the train will derail, and serious accidents will occur. Therefore, this component should be inspected periodically. Conventional image processing-based control systems are affected by noise and different lighting conditions in the real environment. In this study, it is aimed to determine the defects of fasteners with a deep learning-based hybrid approach. The YOLOv4-Tiny method is used for fastener detection and localization. This method gives accurate results, especially for the detection of small objects. After the fastener position is determined, a new lightweight convolutional neural network model is used for defect classification. The proposed convolutional neural network for classification has a small network structure because it uses depth-wise and pointwise convolution layers. When the experimental results are compared with other known transfer learning methods, better results were obtained in terms of training/test time and accuracy