Reanalysis Product-Based Nonstationary Frequency Analysis for Estimating Extreme Design Rainfall

Nonstationarity is one major issue in hydrological models, especially in design rainfall analysis. Design rainfalls are typically estimated by annual maximum rainfalls (AMRs) of observations below 50 years in many parts of the world, including South Korea. However, due to the lack of data, the time-dependent nature may not be sufficiently identified by this classic approach. Here, this study aims to explore design rainfall with nonstationary condition using century-long reanalysis products that help one to go back to the early 20th century. Despite its useful representation of the past climate, the reanalysis products via observational data assimilation schemes and models have never been tested in representing the nonstationary behavior in extreme rainfall events. We used daily precipitations of two century-long reanalysis datasets as the ERA-20c by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the 20th century reanalysis (20CR) by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The AMRs from 1900 to 2010 were derived from the grids over South Korea. The systematic errors were downgraded through quantile delta mapping (QDM), as well as conventional stationary quantile mapping (SQM). The evaluation result of the bias-corrected AMRs indicated the significant reduction of the errors. Furthermore, the AMRs present obvious increasing trends from 1900 to 2010. With the bias-corrected values, we carried out nonstationary frequency analysis based on the time-varying location parameters of generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. Design rainfalls with certain return periods were estimated based on the expected number of exceedance (ENE) interpretation. Although there is a significant range of uncertainty, the design quantiles by the median parameters showed the significant relative difference, from −30.8% to 42.8% for QDM, compared with the quantiles by the multi-decadal observations. Even though the AMRs from the reanalysis products are challenged by various errors such as quantile mapping (QM) and systematic errors, the results from the current study imply that the proposed scheme with employing the reanalysis product might be beneficial to predict the future evolution of extreme precipitation and to estimate the design rainfall accordingly

Orphan G protein-coupled receptors MrgA1 and MrgC11 are distinctively activated by RF-amide-related peptides through the G{alpha}q/11 pathway

MrgA1 and MrgC11 belong to a recently identified family of orphan G-protein coupled receptors, called mrgs (mas-related genes). They are only expressed in a specific subset of sensory neurons that are known to detect painful stimuli. However, the precise physiological function of Mrg receptors and their underlying mechanisms of signal transduction are not known. We therefore have screened a series of neuropeptides against human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells that stably express either MrgA1 or MrgC11 to identify ligands and/or agonists. MrgA1- or MrgC11-specific agonists stimulated dose-dependent increases in intracellular free Ca2+ in a pertussis toxin-insensitive manner, but failed to alter basal or forskolin-stimulated levels of intracellular cAMP. Furthermore, studies using embryonic fibroblasts derived from various G{alpha} protein knockout mice demonstrated that both the MrgA1 and MrgC11 receptors are coupled to the G{alpha}q/11 signaling pathway. Screening of neuropeptides identified surrogate agonists, most of these peptides included a common C-terminal -RF(Y)G or -RF(Y) amide motif. Structure-function studies suggest that endogenous ligands of Mrg receptors are likely to be RF(Y)G and/or RF(Y) amide-related peptides and that postprocessing of these peptides may serve to determine Mrg receptor-ligand specificity. The differences in ligand specificity also suggest functional diversity amongst the Mrg receptors

Early Gastric Adenosquamous Carcinoma Resected Using Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is characterized as a mixed neoplasia (adenocarcinoma with glandular architecture and squamous cell carcinoma [SqCC]). Because most ASCs are found in the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, early gastric ASC is an extremely rare tumor. Here, we present the case of an incidental finding of early gastric ASC in a 61-year-old Korean man during a health screening. Histological biopsy through esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma in the distal body. The patient underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection and was diagnosed with ASC. The SqCC components of this tumor were located adjacent to the adenocarcinoma components and occupied 40% of the tumor. Two individual tumor components had invaded into the submucosal layer with lymphovascular invasion. An abdominal computed tomography scan indicated no definite mass or wall thickening of the stomach and revealed neither lymph node enlargement nor distant metastasis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 14th reported case of early gastric ASC, and all cases were reported in East Asians

ブンカ シゲン アーカイビング ノ ミライ ニ ムケテ

韓国の記録管理の世界は時代の流れとともに、変化してきた。民主的諸権利の確立と「公共記録物管理法」の成立、プロセスの民主化と「記録管理革新事業」、そして近年の電子記録管理の進展と文化資源アーカイビングの開始である。韓国の文化資源アーカイビングは、文化財庁をはじめとする文化機関や、文化芸術を生み出している現場からの需要の高まりを受け、記録管理学やアーカイブズ学がそれに応える形で進められている。その際には、収集戦略、専門的な記録管理、長期保存技術、多様なサービス提供方法など、従来の記録管理の考え方を取り入れた機能設計が行われ、文化芸術分野における体系的な記録管理体制を目指している。今後、現在の様々な取り組みを踏まえて、文化資源アーカイブズは構築されていくだろう。そのためには、文化芸術アーカイブズを専門的に扱う、「文化資源アーキビスト」を養成していくことが必要不可欠である。Records management in South Korea has changed with the times.Changes like the progress in the establishment of democratic rights,the Public Records Administration Act,the democratization processes,records administration innovation,electronic recording management,and the start of cultural-resources archiving have been seen in recent years.In South Korea,cultural-resources archiving is practiced by cultural organizations and organizations that produce culture and art,and is advanced in terms of both records management and archival science.The functional design that corresponded to the conventional records administration was implemented,and a collection strategy,special records administration,preservation,and various service provision methods,among other things,are being developed for a systematic records administration organization in the field of culture and art. In the future,cultural resources archives will be built based on the present methods that are being explored.Moreover,it is indispensable to train cultural-resources archivists who specialize in culture and art archiving.講