Synthesis and Activity Test of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 for the Methanol Steam Reforming as a Fuel Cellâs Hydrogen Supplier

The  synthesis  of  hydrogen  from  hydrocarbons  through  the  steam reforming  of  methanol  on  Cu/ZnO/Al2O3  catalyst  has  been  investigated.  This process is assigned to be one of the promising alternatives for  fuel cell hydrogen process source. Hydrogen synthesis from methanol can be carried out by means of  methanol  steam  reforming  which  is  a  gas  phase  catalytic  reaction  between methanol and water. In this research, the  Cu/ZnO/Al2O3  catalyst  prepared by the dry  impregnation  was  used.  The  specific  surface  area  of  catalyst  was  194.69 m2/gram.The  methanol  steam  reforming  (SRM)  reaction  was  carried  out  by means of the injection of gas mixture containing methanol and water with 1:1.2 mol ratio and 20-90 mL/minute feed  flow rate to a fixed bed reactor loaded by 1 g of catalyst. The reaction temperature was 200-300 °C, and the reactor pressure was 1 atm. Preceding  the reaction, catalyst was reduced in the H2/N2  mixture at 160  °C.  This  study  shows  that  at  300  °C  reaction  temperature,  methanol conversion  reached  100%  at  28  mL/minute  gas  flow  rate.  This  conversion decreased  significantly  with  the  increase  of  gas  flow  rate.  Meanwhile,  the catalyst prepared for SRM  was stable in 36 hours of operation at 260  °C. The catalyst exhibited a good stability although the reaction condition was shifted to a higher gas flow rate

Utilizing Shear Factor Model and Adding Viscosity Term in Improving a Two-Dimensional Model of Fluid Flow in Non Uniform Porous Media

In a packed bed catalytic reactor, the fluid flow phenomena are very complicated because the fluid and solid particle interactions dissipate the energy. The governing equations  were developed in the  forms of  specific  models. The shear factor  model was introduced in the momentum equation for covering the effect  of  flow  and  solid  interactions  in  porous  media.   A  two  dimensional numerical  solution  for  this  kind  of  flow  has  been  constructed  using  the  finite volume  method.  The  porous  media  porosity  was  treated  as  non-uniform distribution  in  the  radial  direction.  Experimentally,  the  axial  velocity  profiles produce  the  trend  of  having  global  maximum  and  minimum  peaks  at  distance very close to the wall. This trend is also accurately picked up by the numerical result. A more comprehensive shear factor formulation results a better velocity prediction than other correlations do. Our derivation on the presence of porous media leads to an additional viscosity term. The effect of this additional viscosity term was investigated numerically. It is found that the additional viscosity term improves  the  velocity  prediction  for  the  case  of  higher  ratio  between  tube  and particle diameter

Synthesis and Activity Test of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 for the Methanol Steam Reforming as a Fuel Cell's Hydrogen Supplier

The synthesis of hydrogen from hydrocarbons through the steam reforming of methanol on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst has been investigated. This process is assigned to be one of the promising alternatives for fuel cell hydrogen process source. Hydrogen synthesis from methanol can be carried out by means of methanol steam reforming which is a gas phase catalytic reaction between methanol and water. In this research, the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by the dry impregnation was used. The specific surface area of catalyst was 194.69 m2/gram.The methanol steam reforming (SRM) reaction was carried out by means of the injection of gas mixture containing methanol and water with 1:1.2 mol ratio and 20-90 mL/minute feed flow rate to a fixed bed reactor loaded by 1 g of catalyst. The reaction temperature was 200-300 °C, and the reactor pressure was 1 atm. Preceding the reaction, catalyst was reduced in the H2/N2 mixture at 160 °C. This study shows that at 300 °C reaction temperature, methanol conversion reached 100% at 28 mL/minute gas flow rate. This conversion decreased significantly with the increase of gas flow rate. Meanwhile, the catalyst prepared for SRM was stable in 36 hours of operation at 260 °C. The catalyst exhibited a good stability although the reaction condition was shifted to a higher gas flow rate

Kinetika Reaksi Hidrogenasi Ester Lemak Menjadi Alkohol Lemak Dengan Katalis Tembaga- Mangan

Fatty alcohol (FAOH) can be produced by hydrogenating of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using the copper-based catalyst. Copper-Chrom (Cu-Cr) is the best catalyst for high-pressure reaction condition, which is copper (Cu) as the main active component and chrom (Cr) as a promoter. Since Cr is feared to be toxic, one of the best replacement candidates is manganese (Mn). The research aims is to find the kinetic equation of hydrogenation FAME to FAOH using a Cu-Mn commercial catalyst.  FAME with methyl laurate and methyl myristate as the main compounds is used as feedstock. The main products are lauryl alcohol and myristyl alcohol. The reaction was carried out in an isothermal continuous fixed bed reactor under conditions of temperature 220 – 240 oC, pressure 50 bar, and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) 5-12.5 hr-1.  The kinetic equation is determined using the power law model. The FAME hydrogenation on copper - manganese catalyst is the half order reaction. The activation energy value is 86.32 kJ/mol and the Arrhenius constant value is 5.87x106  M0.5/s

Utilizing Shear Factor Model and Adding Viscosity Term in Improving a Two-Dimensional Model of Fluid Flow in Non Uniform Porous Media

In a packed bed catalytic reactor, the fluid flow phenomena are very complicated because the fluid and solid particle interactions dissipate the energy. The governing equations were developed in the forms of specific models. The shear factor model was introduced in the momentum equation for covering the effect of flow and solid interactions in porous media. A two dimensional numerical solution for this kind of flow has been constructed using the finite volume method. The porous media porosity was treated as non-uniform distribution in the radial direction. Experimentally, the axial velocity profiles produce the trend of having global maximum and minimum peaks at distance very close to the wall. This trend is also accurately picked up by the numerical result. A more comprehensive shear factor formulation results a better velocity prediction than other correlations do. Our derivation on the presence of porous media leads to an additional viscosity term. The effect of this additional viscosity term was investigated numerically. It is found that the additional viscosity term improves the velocity prediction for the case of higher ratio between tube and particle diameter

Acidity effects of K promoted Co-based catalyst with NH4OH addition of the impregnation solution for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) with cobalt-based catalyst has been developed to produce wax as a feedstock for further catalytic cracking. During catalyst preparation, NH4OH was added to the salt nitrate precursor to investigate the influence on catalyst acidity. Catalysts were prepared by the dry impregnation method and characterized by XRD, BET and NH3-TPD analyses. These properties were correlated with activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Activity tests showed CO and H2 conversion were in the range of 36.4% to 80.3% and 34.2% to 74.1% respectively. The cobalt particle size measurements exhibited 7.6-8.5 nm. The presence of weak acid sites on catalyst with large surface area and pore size is mainly responsible for obtaining high yields of C5+ hydrocarbon due to suppression of cracking properties. The product distribution showed a higher selectivity to C5+ in the range of 53.57% to 96.5%. In this study, FTS was evaluated by using fixed-bed reactor at 20 bar, 250 C, and WHSV of 1500 ml/g.cat/h-1

Synthesis and Activity Test of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 for the Methanol Steam Reforming as a Fuel Cell’s Hydrogen Supplier

The synthesis of hydrogen from hydrocarbons through the steam reforming of methanol on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst has been investigated. This process is assigned to be one of the promising alternatives for fuel cell hydrogen process source. Hydrogen synthesis from methanol can be carried out by means of methanol steam reforming which is a gas phase catalytic reaction between methanol and water. In this research, the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by the dry impregnation was used. The specific surface area of catalyst was 194.69 m2/gram.The methanol steam reforming (SRM) reaction was carried out by means of the injection of gas mixture containing methanol and water with 1:1.2 mol ratio and 20-90 mL/minute feed flow rate to a fixed bed reactor loaded by 1 g of catalyst. The reaction temperature was 200-300 °C, and the reactor pressure was 1 atm. Preceding the reaction, catalyst was reduced in the H2/N2 mixture at 160 °C. This study shows that at 300 °C reaction temperature, methanol conversion reached 100% at 28 mL/minute gas flow rate. This conversion decreased significantly with the increase of gas flow rate. Meanwhile, the catalyst prepared for SRM was stable in 36 hours of operation at 260 °C. The catalyst exhibited a good stability although the reaction condition was shifted to a higher gas flow rate

Synthesis and Activity Test of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 for the Methanol Steam Reforming as a Fuel Cellâs Hydrogen Supplier

The  synthesis  of  hydrogen  from  hydrocarbons  through  the  steam reforming  of  methanol  on  Cu/ZnO/Al2O3  catalyst  has  been  investigated.  This process is assigned to be one of the promising alternatives for  fuel cell hydrogen process source. Hydrogen synthesis from methanol can be carried out by means of  methanol  steam  reforming  which  is  a  gas  phase  catalytic  reaction  between methanol and water. In this research, the  Cu/ZnO/Al2O3  catalyst  prepared by the dry  impregnation  was  used.  The  specific  surface  area  of  catalyst  was  194.69 m2/gram.The  methanol  steam  reforming  (SRM)  reaction  was  carried  out  by means of the injection of gas mixture containing methanol and water with 1:1.2 mol ratio and 20-90 mL/minute feed  flow rate to a fixed bed reactor loaded by 1 g of catalyst. The reaction temperature was 200-300 °C, and the reactor pressure was 1 atm. Preceding  the reaction, catalyst was reduced in the H2/N2  mixture at 160  °C.  This  study  shows  that  at  300  °C  reaction  temperature,  methanol conversion  reached  100%  at  28  mL/minute  gas  flow  rate.  This  conversion decreased  significantly  with  the  increase  of  gas  flow  rate.  Meanwhile,  the catalyst prepared for SRM  was stable in 36 hours of operation at 260  °C. The catalyst exhibited a good stability although the reaction condition was shifted to a higher gas flow rate

2-d mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flow inside and outside packing in catalytic packed bed reactor

Generally, the momentum equation of fluid flow in porous media was solved by neglecting the terms of diffusion and convection such as Ergun, Darcy, Brinkman and Forchheimer models. Their model primarily applied for laminar flow. It is true that these model are limited to condition whether the models can be applied. Analytical solution for the model type above is available only for simple one-dimensional cases. For two or three-dimentional problem, numerical solution is the only solution. This work advances the flow model in porous media and provide two-dimentional flow field solution in porous media, which includes the diffusion and convection terms. The momentum lost due to flow and porous material interaction is modeled using the available  Brinkman-Forchheimer equation. The numerical method to be used is finite volume method. This method is suitable for the characteristic of fluid  flow in porous media which is averaged by a volume base. The effect of the solid and fluid interaction in porous  media is the basic principle of the flow model in morous media. The Brinkman-Forchheimer consider the momentum lost term to be determined by a quadratic function of the velocity component. The momentum and the continuity equation are solved for two-dimentional cylindrical coordinat . the result were validated with the experimental data. The velocity of the porous media was treated to be radially oscillated. The result of velocity profile inside packing show a good agreement in their trend with the Stephenson and Steward experimental data. The local superficial  velocity attains its global maximum and minimum at distances near 0.201 and 0.57 particle diameter, dp. velocity profile below packing was simulated. The result were validated with Schwartz and Smith experimental data. The result also show an excellent agreement with those experimental data. Keywords : finite volume method, porous media, flow distribution, velocity profil

Acidity effects of K promoted Co-based catalyst with NH

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) with cobalt-based catalyst has been developed to produce wax as a feedstock for further catalytic cracking. During catalyst preparation, NH4OH was added to the salt nitrate precursor to investigate the influence on catalyst acidity. Catalysts were prepared by the dry impregnation method and characterized by XRD, BET and NH3-TPD analyses. These properties were correlated with activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Activity tests showed CO and H2 conversion were in the range of 36.4% to 80.3% and 34.2% to 74.1% respectively. The cobalt particle size measurements exhibited 7.6-8.5 nm. The presence of weak acid sites on catalyst with large surface area and pore size is mainly responsible for obtaining high yields of C5+ hydrocarbon due to suppression of cracking properties. The product distribution showed a higher selectivity to C5+ in the range of 53.57% to 96.5%. In this study, FTS was evaluated by using fixed-bed reactor at 20 bar, 250 C, and WHSV of 1500 ml/g.cat/h-1