30 research outputs found

    Large negative velocity gradients in Burgers turbulence

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    We consider 1D Burgers equation driven by large-scale white-in-time random force. The tails of the velocity gradients probability distribution function (PDF) are analyzed by saddle-point approximation in the path integral describing the velocity statistics. The structure of the saddle-point (instanton), that is velocity field configuration realizing the maximum of probability, is studied numerically in details. The numerical results allow us to find analytical solution for the long-time part of the instanton. Its careful analysis confirms the result of [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (8) 1452 (1997) [chao-dyn/9609005]] based on short-time estimations that the left tail of PDF has the form ln P(u_x) \propto -|u_x|^(3/2).Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX, 10 figure

    Terrorism and antisystem nature

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    This work is devoted to the consideration of antisystem, syncretic socio-spiritual formations of destructive orientation through case study as one of the qualitative research methods. Being the subjects and the bearers of an eclectic world-view separated from reality, the adherents of antisystems seek to reform the social reality. The authors consider the role of terrorism in the functioning of such antisystem organizations of the past as the secret society "White lotus", the sect of the Nizarits and the religious communities of voodoo. The authors point out the groups of Islamist extremists as an example of modern anti-system terrorismEste trabajo estΓ‘ dedicado a la consideraciΓ³n de formaciones socio-espirituales sincrΓ©ticas y antisistema de orientaciΓ³n destructiva a travΓ©s del estudio de casos como uno de los mΓ©todos de investigaciΓ³n cualitativa. Siendo los sujetos y los portadores de una visiΓ³n del mundo eclΓ©ctica separada de la realidad, los partidarios de los antisistemas buscan reformar la realidad social. Los autores consideran el papel del terrorismo en el funcionamiento de tales organizaciones antisistema del pasado como la sociedad secreta "loto blanco", la secta de los nizarits y las comunidades religiosas del vudΓΊ. Los autores seΓ±alan los grupos de extremistas islamistas como un ejemplo de terrorismo moderno contra el sistem

    Magnetic field enhanced backscattering of focused electrons in mesoscopic metallic bridges

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    Contains fulltext : 60511.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access

    Π’Π«Π―Π’Π›Π•ΠΠ˜Π• ΠΠΠ Π£Π¨Π•ΠΠ˜Π™ ΠœΠ•Π™ΠžΠ—Π И Π‘ΠŸΠ•Π ΠœΠΠ’ΠžΠ“Π•ΠΠ•Π—Π ΠœΠ•Π’ΠžΠ”ΠΠœΠ˜ Π‘Π’Π•Π’ΠžΠ’ΠžΠ™, Π­Π›Π•ΠšΠ’Π ΠžΠΠΠžΠ™ И Π€Π›Π£ΠžΠ Π•Π‘Π¦Π•ΠΠ’ΠΠžΠ™ МИКРОБКОПИИ

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    Introduction.Β Infertility is diagnosed in 10–15 % of couples wishing to have children. In about half cases, the cause is a disorders of male fertility. Defects of spermatogenesis are often caused by the damages of key events of prophase I meiosis – synapsis, repair, recombination and desynapsis of homologous chromosomes. All these events are connected with the unique structure of the meiotic nucleus – the synaptonemal complex. Behavior of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex serve as a paradigm of chromosome behavior in the meiosis prophase and an indicator of disorders of the chromosome synapsis.ObjectiveΒ is the evaluation of the possibilities analysis of the spread spermatocyte nuclei for establishing the causes and mechanisms of spermatogenesis disturbance and identification of the genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization programs using intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Materials and methods.Β The material of the study were the biopsies of testes obtained from infertile patients by method of open multifocal testicular biopsy.The suspensions of testicular cells were examined by light microscopy. The structure of the synaptonemal complexes in spread nuclei of primary spermatocytes was studied by electron microscopy. The target meiotic proteins in such nuclei (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) were localized by the fluorescence microscopy.Results.Β There were described possibilities of light microscopic analysis of the testicular cells suspensions for the evaluation of spermatogenesis. The features of the structural organization of the sex (XY) bivalent were presented which underlie the determination of the stages of meiotic prophase in human spermatocytes. The signs of the meiotic arrest, the disturbance of the architectonics of meiotic nuclei, synapsis, recombination and chromatin silencing in human spermatocytes at the meiotic prophase I are described in details.Π‘onclusion.Β The presented results demonstrate the expediency of introducing methods of electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis of the spread spermatocytes nuclei in the practice of the reproductive centers. The using of these methods makes it possible for understanding the mechanisms of infertility genesis, revealing genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa in the fertilization program.Π’Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. БСсплодиС диагностируСтся Ρƒ 10–15 % ΠΏΠ°Ρ€, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ случаСв это обусловлСно сниТСниСм Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ спСрматогСнСза Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΎ сбоями Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… событий ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° – синапсиса, Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ дСсинапсиса Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… хромосом. ВсС эти события связаны с ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ структурой мСйотичСского ядра – синаптонСмным комплСксом. ПовСдСниС Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… элСмСнтов синаптонСмного комплСкса слуТат ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠΎΠΉ повСдСния хромосом Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ синапсиса хромосом.ЦСль исслСдования – ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° возмоТностСй использования ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° распластанных ядСр спСрматоцитов для установлСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ спСрматогСнСза ΠΈ для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ гСнСтичСских ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… рисков использования тСстикулярных спСрматозоидов Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ… ΡΠΊΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ оплодотворСния, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡŽ интрацитоплазматичСской ΠΈΠ½ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ спСрматозоида.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ИсслСдованиС Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ… яичСк, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ тСстикулярной биопсии. БуспСнзии ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² яичСк исслСдовали ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ свСтовым микроскопом. Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ синаптонСмного комплСкса Π² распластанных ядрах спСрматоцитов ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ элСктронной микроскопии. Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ мСйотичСскиС Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) Π² Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ядрах Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ флуорСсцСнтной микроскопии.Β Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹.Β ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ возмоТности свСтомикроскопичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° суспСнзий тСстикулярных ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ состояния спСрматогСнСза. Π”Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ прСдставлСны особСнности структурной ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π₯Y) Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°, Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π² основС опрСдСлСния стадий ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° Π² спСрматоцитах Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ «арСста» ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°, Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ мСйотичСских ядСр, синапсиса ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ хромосом, процСссов хиазмообразования ΠΈ транскрипционной ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² спСрматоцитах Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Π΅ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°.Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ использования ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² элСктронно-микроскопичСского ΠΈ иммуноцитохимичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° распластанных ядСр спСрматоцитов Π² ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊe Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ². ИспользованиС этих ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ для понимания ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² формирования бСсплодия, выявлСния гСнСтичСских ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… рисков использования тСстикулярных спСрматозоидов Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ… ΡΠΊΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ оплодотворСния

    Π’Π«Π―Π’Π›Π•ΠΠ˜Π• ΠΠΠ Π£Π¨Π•ΠΠ˜Π™ ΠœΠ•Π™ΠžΠ—Π И Π‘ΠŸΠ•Π ΠœΠΠ’ΠžΠ“Π•ΠΠ•Π—Π ΠœΠ•Π’ΠžΠ”ΠΠœΠ˜ Π‘Π’Π•Π’ΠžΠ’ΠžΠ™, Π­Π›Π•ΠšΠ’Π ΠžΠΠΠžΠ™ И Π€Π›Π£ΠžΠ Π•Π‘Π¦Π•ΠΠ’ΠΠžΠ™ МИКРОБКОПИИ

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    Introduction.Β Infertility is diagnosed in 10–15 % of couples wishing to have children. In about half cases, the cause is a disorders of male fertility. Defects of spermatogenesis are often caused by the damages of key events of prophase I meiosis – synapsis, repair, recombination and desynapsis of homologous chromosomes. All these events are connected with the unique structure of the meiotic nucleus – the synaptonemal complex. Behavior of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex serve as a paradigm of chromosome behavior in the meiosis prophase and an indicator of disorders of the chromosome synapsis.ObjectiveΒ is the evaluation of the possibilities analysis of the spread spermatocyte nuclei for establishing the causes and mechanisms of spermatogenesis disturbance and identification of the genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization programs using intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Materials and methods.Β The material of the study were the biopsies of testes obtained from infertile patients by method of open multifocal testicular biopsy.The suspensions of testicular cells were examined by light microscopy. The structure of the synaptonemal complexes in spread nuclei of primary spermatocytes was studied by electron microscopy. The target meiotic proteins in such nuclei (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) were localized by the fluorescence microscopy.Results.Β There were described possibilities of light microscopic analysis of the testicular cells suspensions for the evaluation of spermatogenesis. The features of the structural organization of the sex (XY) bivalent were presented which underlie the determination of the stages of meiotic prophase in human spermatocytes. The signs of the meiotic arrest, the disturbance of the architectonics of meiotic nuclei, synapsis, recombination and chromatin silencing in human spermatocytes at the meiotic prophase I are described in details.Π‘onclusion.Β The presented results demonstrate the expediency of introducing methods of electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis of the spread spermatocytes nuclei in the practice of the reproductive centers. The using of these methods makes it possible for understanding the mechanisms of infertility genesis, revealing genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa in the fertilization program.Π’Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. БСсплодиС диагностируСтся Ρƒ 10–15 % ΠΏΠ°Ρ€, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ случаСв это обусловлСно сниТСниСм Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ спСрматогСнСза Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΎ сбоями Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… событий ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° – синапсиса, Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ дСсинапсиса Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… хромосом. ВсС эти события связаны с ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ структурой мСйотичСского ядра – синаптонСмным комплСксом. ПовСдСниС Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… элСмСнтов синаптонСмного комплСкса слуТат ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠΎΠΉ повСдСния хромосом Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ синапсиса хромосом.ЦСль исслСдования – ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° возмоТностСй использования ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° распластанных ядСр спСрматоцитов для установлСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ спСрматогСнСза ΠΈ для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ гСнСтичСских ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… рисков использования тСстикулярных спСрматозоидов Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ… ΡΠΊΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ оплодотворСния, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡŽ интрацитоплазматичСской ΠΈΠ½ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ спСрматозоида.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ИсслСдованиС Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ… яичСк, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ тСстикулярной биопсии. БуспСнзии ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² яичСк исслСдовали ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ свСтовым микроскопом. Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ синаптонСмного комплСкса Π² распластанных ядрах спСрматоцитов ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ элСктронной микроскопии. Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ мСйотичСскиС Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) Π² Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ядрах Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ флуорСсцСнтной микроскопии.Β Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹.Β ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ возмоТности свСтомикроскопичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° суспСнзий тСстикулярных ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ состояния спСрматогСнСза. Π”Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ прСдставлСны особСнности структурной ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π₯Y) Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°, Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π² основС опрСдСлСния стадий ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° Π² спСрматоцитах Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ «арСста» ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°, Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ мСйотичСских ядСр, синапсиса ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ хромосом, процСссов хиазмообразования ΠΈ транскрипционной ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² спСрматоцитах Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Π΅ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°.Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ использования ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² элСктронно-микроскопичСского ΠΈ иммуноцитохимичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° распластанных ядСр спСрматоцитов Π² ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊe Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ². ИспользованиС этих ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ для понимания ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² формирования бСсплодия, выявлСния гСнСтичСских ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… рисков использования тСстикулярных спСрматозоидов Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ… ΡΠΊΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ оплодотворСния

    Effects of InAlN underlayer on deep traps detected in near-UV InGaN/GaN single quantum well light-emitting diodes

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    Two types of near-UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an InGaN/GaN single quantum well (QW) differing only in the presence or absence of an underlayer (UL) consisting of an InAlN/GaN superlattice (SL) were examined. The InAlN-based ULs were previously shown to dramatically improve internal quantum efficiency of near-UV LEDs, via a decrease in the density of deep traps responsible for nonradiative recombination in the QW region. The main differences between samples with and without UL were (a) a higher compensation of Mg acceptors in the p-GaN:Mg contact layer of the sample without UL, which correlates with the presence of traps with an activation energy of 0.06\u2009eV in the QW region, (b) the presence of deep electron traps with levels 0.6\u2009eV below the conduction band edge (Ec) (ET1) and at Ec 0.77\u2009eV (ET2) in the n-GaN spacer underneath the QW, and the presence of hole traps (HT1) in the QW, 0.73\u2009eV above the valence band edge in the sample without UL (no traps could be detected in the sample with UL), and (c) a high density of deep traps with optical ionization energy close to 1.5\u2009eV for the LEDs without UL. Irradiation with 5\u2009MeV electrons led to a strong decrease in the electroluminescence (EL) intensity in the LEDs without UL, while for the samples with UL, such irradiation had little effect on the EL signal at high driving current, although the level of driving currents necessary to have a measurable EL signal increased by about an order of magnitude. This is despite the 5 times higher starting EL signal of the sample with UL. Irradiation also led to the appearance in the LEDs with UL of the ET1 and HT1 deep traps, but with concentration much lower than without the UL, and to a considerable increase in the Mg compensation rati
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