30 research outputs found
Large negative velocity gradients in Burgers turbulence
We consider 1D Burgers equation driven by large-scale white-in-time random
force. The tails of the velocity gradients probability distribution function
(PDF) are analyzed by saddle-point approximation in the path integral
describing the velocity statistics. The structure of the saddle-point
(instanton), that is velocity field configuration realizing the maximum of
probability, is studied numerically in details. The numerical results allow us
to find analytical solution for the long-time part of the instanton. Its
careful analysis confirms the result of [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (8) 1452 (1997)
[chao-dyn/9609005]] based on short-time estimations that the left tail of PDF
has the form ln P(u_x) \propto -|u_x|^(3/2).Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX, 10 figure
Terrorism and antisystem nature
This work is devoted to the consideration of antisystem, syncretic
socio-spiritual formations of destructive orientation through case study as
one of the qualitative research methods. Being the subjects and the bearers
of an eclectic world-view separated from reality, the adherents of antisystems seek to reform the social reality. The authors consider the role of
terrorism in the functioning of such antisystem organizations of the past as
the secret society "White lotus", the sect of the Nizarits and the religious
communities of voodoo. The authors point out the groups of Islamist
extremists as an example of modern anti-system terrorismEste trabajo estΓ‘ dedicado a la consideraciΓ³n de formaciones
socio-espirituales sincrΓ©ticas y antisistema de orientaciΓ³n destructiva a
travΓ©s del estudio de casos como uno de los mΓ©todos de investigaciΓ³n
cualitativa. Siendo los sujetos y los portadores de una visiΓ³n del mundo
eclΓ©ctica separada de la realidad, los partidarios de los antisistemas
buscan reformar la realidad social. Los autores consideran el papel del
terrorismo en el funcionamiento de tales organizaciones antisistema del
pasado como la sociedad secreta "loto blanco", la secta de los nizarits y
las comunidades religiosas del vudΓΊ. Los autores seΓ±alan los grupos de
extremistas islamistas como un ejemplo de terrorismo moderno contra
el sistem
Magnetic field enhanced backscattering of focused electrons in mesoscopic metallic bridges
Contains fulltext :
60511.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access
Angular dependence of longitudinal magnetoresistance in thin film metal
Item does not contain fulltextSemimag 15, 05 augustus 200
Magnetic field enhanced backscattering of focused electrons in mesoscopic metallic bridges
Item does not contain fulltextSEMIMAG 1
ΠΠ«Π―ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π£Π¨ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ, ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π€ΠΠ£ΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π¦ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠ
Introduction.Β Infertility is diagnosed in 10β15 % of couples wishing to have children. In about half cases, the cause is a disorders of male fertility. Defects of spermatogenesis are often caused by the damages of key events of prophase I meiosis β synapsis, repair, recombination and desynapsis of homologous chromosomes. All these events are connected with the unique structure of the meiotic nucleus β the synaptonemal complex. Behavior of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex serve as a paradigm of chromosome behavior in the meiosis prophase and an indicator of disorders of the chromosome synapsis.ObjectiveΒ is the evaluation of the possibilities analysis of the spread spermatocyte nuclei for establishing the causes and mechanisms of spermatogenesis disturbance and identification of the genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization programs using intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Materials and methods.Β The material of the study were the biopsies of testes obtained from infertile patients by method of open multifocal testicular biopsy.The suspensions of testicular cells were examined by light microscopy. The structure of the synaptonemal complexes in spread nuclei of primary spermatocytes was studied by electron microscopy. The target meiotic proteins in such nuclei (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) were localized by the fluorescence microscopy.Results.Β There were described possibilities of light microscopic analysis of the testicular cells suspensions for the evaluation of spermatogenesis. The features of the structural organization of the sex (XY) bivalent were presented which underlie the determination of the stages of meiotic prophase in human spermatocytes. The signs of the meiotic arrest, the disturbance of the architectonics of meiotic nuclei, synapsis, recombination and chromatin silencing in human spermatocytes at the meiotic prophase I are described in details.Π‘onclusion.Β The presented results demonstrate the expediency of introducing methods of electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis of the spread spermatocytes nuclei in the practice of the reproductive centers. The using of these methods makes it possible for understanding the mechanisms of infertility genesis, revealing genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa in the fertilization program.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ 10β15 % ΠΏΠ°Ρ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Ρ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ.Β ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ.Β Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.Β ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π₯Y) Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Ρ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ Β«Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β» ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊe ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ«Π―ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π£Π¨ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ, ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π€ΠΠ£ΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π¦ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠ
Introduction.Β Infertility is diagnosed in 10β15 % of couples wishing to have children. In about half cases, the cause is a disorders of male fertility. Defects of spermatogenesis are often caused by the damages of key events of prophase I meiosis β synapsis, repair, recombination and desynapsis of homologous chromosomes. All these events are connected with the unique structure of the meiotic nucleus β the synaptonemal complex. Behavior of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex serve as a paradigm of chromosome behavior in the meiosis prophase and an indicator of disorders of the chromosome synapsis.ObjectiveΒ is the evaluation of the possibilities analysis of the spread spermatocyte nuclei for establishing the causes and mechanisms of spermatogenesis disturbance and identification of the genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization programs using intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Materials and methods.Β The material of the study were the biopsies of testes obtained from infertile patients by method of open multifocal testicular biopsy.The suspensions of testicular cells were examined by light microscopy. The structure of the synaptonemal complexes in spread nuclei of primary spermatocytes was studied by electron microscopy. The target meiotic proteins in such nuclei (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) were localized by the fluorescence microscopy.Results.Β There were described possibilities of light microscopic analysis of the testicular cells suspensions for the evaluation of spermatogenesis. The features of the structural organization of the sex (XY) bivalent were presented which underlie the determination of the stages of meiotic prophase in human spermatocytes. The signs of the meiotic arrest, the disturbance of the architectonics of meiotic nuclei, synapsis, recombination and chromatin silencing in human spermatocytes at the meiotic prophase I are described in details.Π‘onclusion.Β The presented results demonstrate the expediency of introducing methods of electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis of the spread spermatocytes nuclei in the practice of the reproductive centers. The using of these methods makes it possible for understanding the mechanisms of infertility genesis, revealing genetic and reproductive risks of using testicular spermatozoa in the fertilization program.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ 10β15 % ΠΏΠ°Ρ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Ρ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ.Β ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ (SCP3, RAD51, MLH1, Ξ³H2AX) Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ.Β Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.Β ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π₯Y) Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Ρ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ Β«Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β» ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ I ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠΎΠ·Π°.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.Β ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊe ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Effects of InAlN underlayer on deep traps detected in near-UV InGaN/GaN single quantum well light-emitting diodes
Two types of near-UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an InGaN/GaN single quantum well (QW) differing only in the presence or absence of an underlayer (UL) consisting of an InAlN/GaN superlattice (SL) were examined. The InAlN-based ULs were previously shown to dramatically improve internal quantum efficiency of near-UV LEDs, via a decrease in the density of deep traps responsible for nonradiative recombination in the QW region. The main differences between samples with and without UL were (a) a higher compensation of Mg acceptors in the p-GaN:Mg contact layer of the sample without UL, which correlates with the presence of traps with an activation energy of 0.06\u2009eV in the QW region, (b) the presence of deep electron traps with levels 0.6\u2009eV below the conduction band edge (Ec) (ET1) and at Ec 0.77\u2009eV (ET2) in the n-GaN spacer underneath the QW, and the presence of hole traps (HT1) in the QW, 0.73\u2009eV above the valence band edge in the sample without UL (no traps could be detected in the sample with UL), and (c) a high density of deep traps with optical ionization energy close to 1.5\u2009eV for the LEDs without UL. Irradiation with 5\u2009MeV electrons led to a strong decrease in the electroluminescence (EL) intensity in the LEDs without UL, while for the samples with UL, such irradiation had little effect on the EL signal at high driving current, although the level of driving currents necessary to have a measurable EL signal increased by about an order of magnitude. This is despite the 5 times higher starting EL signal of the sample with UL. Irradiation also led to the appearance in the LEDs with UL of the ET1 and HT1 deep traps, but with concentration much lower than without the UL, and to a considerable increase in the Mg compensation rati