Theoretical approaches towards global social development

Background/Objective: The topicality of the research is stipulated by the determination of the theoretical approaches that could serve as a basis for path finding out of the global systemic crisis. Theoretical views of outstanding economists of the past toward the future of humanity and the real state of the world are of undoubted interest. The article deals with the ideas of G.V. Plekhanov, analyzes the results of their implementation in Russia in the 1990s. Possible perspectives of social development are associated with a change in the socio-economic views on the role and the place of nature in today’s context. Methods: The basic methods of studying this problem are the economic analysis, deduction, factor analysis and system-structural approach. Findings: The authors have given the analysis of the theory of economic growth stages, considered the views of Plekhanov toward the development of capitalism in Russia and the modification of the social nature of the monarchy and its consequences. To secure its future, the humankind is destined to change moral principles. Changing social consciousness depends on the level of culture and education. The theoretical approaches are determined that could be core ones in searching for ways out of the today’s global problems. Improvements/Novelty: Solving global problems of today such as nature and society, war and peace, social inequality is closely linked to changes in consumption patterns. Nature, life on the planet should be a common goal for all countries and peoples. Economy and politics should be subject to this goal. These findings are of practical value to scientists, economists, sociologists, philosophers, as well as for college teachers.peer-reviewe

Опыт визуального определения направления вращения плоскости поляризации света в гиротропных монокристаллах средней категории

When studying and applying crystals of the middle category, it is necessary to take into account the manifestations of anisotropy of their properties, in particular, optical anisotropy. One of the manifestations of optical anisotropy is the rotation of the polarization plane (gyrotropy effect), which is observed in the direction of the optical axis of such crystals. The plane of polarization of light can rotate clockwise and counterclockwise. To determine the direction of rotation of the polarization plane, simple visual methods can be used based on studies of samples in converging polarized light – observations of conoscopic figures. In general, the type of conoscopic figures depends on the relative position of the polarizers, the wavelength of light in the system, the cut  of the single crystal perpendicular to which the light propagates, the thickness of the sample and the birefringence. The direction of rotation of the polarization plane can be determined by еру change of the type of conoscopic figure of a sample of a gyrotropic crystal cut perpendicular to the optical axis: change of the central spot color during the analyzer rotation; the extinction of the central spot when observing a conoscopic figure using light filters; the direction of movement of the rings in monochromatic light; observation of Airy patterns. According to the experience of working in our laboratory “Single crystals and Stocke on their Base”, the simplest, most operational and unambiguous visual method for determining the direction of rotation of the polarization plane is the observation of Airy figures. A conoscopic pattern in the form of Airy figures (a four-way spiral) occurs when observing in converging polarized light a combination of two superimposed samples of gyrotropic crystals cut perpendicular to the optical axis, rotating the plane of polarization of light in opposite directions. To use this method, a well-known sample of a gyrotropic crystal cut perpendicular to the optical axis is required.При исследовании и применении кристаллов средней категории необходимо учитывать анизотропию их свойств, в частности оптическую анизотропию. Одним из проявлений оптической анизотропии является вращение плоскости поляризации (эффект гиротропии), которое наблюдается в направлении оптической оси таких кристаллов. Плоскость поляризации света может вращаться как по часовой стрелке, так и против неё. Для определения направления вращения плоскости поляризации могут быть использованы простые визуальные методы, основанные на исследованиях образцов в сходящемся поляризованном свете — наблюдения коноскопических фигур. В общем случае вид коноскопических фигур зависит от взаимного положения поляризаторов, длины волны света в системе, среза монокристалла, перпендикулярно к которому распространяется свет, толщины образца и величины двулучепреломления. Направление вращения плоскости поляризации можно определить по изменению вида коноскопической фигуры образца гиротропного кристалла, вырезанного перпендикулярно к оптической оси: изменение цвета центрального пятна при вращении анализатора, погасание центрального пятна при наблюдении коноскопической фигуры с использованием светофильтров, направление движения колец в монохроматическом свете, наблюдение фигур Эри. Коноскопическая картина в виде фигур Эри (четырехходовая спираль) возникает при наблюдении в сходящемся поляризованном свете комбинации из двух наложенных друг на друга образцов гиротропных кристаллов, вырезанных перпендикулярно к оптической оси, вращающих плоскость поляризации света в противоположных направлениях. Для использования этого метода необходим известный образец гиротропного кристалла, вырезанного перпендикулярно к оптической оси. По опыту работы в нашей лаборатории «Монокристаллы и заготовки на их основе» (НИТУ «МИСиС»), наиболее простым, оперативным и однозначным визуальным методом определения направления вращения плоскости поляризации является наблюдение фигур Эри

Применение концепции прослеживаемости при определении механических свойств металлов при статическом растяжении: на примере ГСО 11854-2021

The article is devoted to the special aspects of application of a certified reference material as a basis for comparison as one of the main tools for ensuring traceability and accuracy control of the measurement results of mechanical properties.In the course of the research, an analysis of the approach of theoretical principles based on GOST 34100.3–2017 / ISO/IEC Guide 98–3:2008 and GOST R ISO 21748–2021 calculation algorithms for evaluating measurement uncertainty was carried out. The methodology of application of the reference material for the mechanical properties of steel grade 20 GSO 11854–2021 for evaluating the uncertainty of the static tensile test results was considered.It was established that evaluating the uncertainty of the static tensile test results to ensure the traceability of the result leads to the need to account the systematic component of the laboratory when calculating the uncertainty of test results, either as a correction or as a contribution to the standard total uncertainty. Two accounting options for the systematic component of the laboratory were proposed.The practical significance of the research is the possibility of applying the model-based approach of theoretical principles based on GOST 34100.3–2017 / ISO / IEC Guide 98–3:2008 and GOST R ISO 21748–2021 calculation algorithms (Equation 1) when evaluating uncertainty according to clause 7.6 of GOST ISO/IEC17025–2019 by accredited laboratories.Статья посвящена особенностям использования стандартного образца утвержденного типа как основы для сравнения в качестве одного из основных инструментов обеспечения прослеживаемости и контроля точности результатов измерений механических свойств.В ходе исследования был поведен анализ подхода теоретических принципов на основе ГОСТ 3 4100.3–2017 / ISO/IEC Guide 98–3:2008 и алгоритмов расчетов ГОСТ Р  ИСО 21748–2021 для оценивания неопределенности измерений. Рассмотрена методология применения стандартного образца механических свойств стали марки 20 ГСО 11854–2021 для оценивания неопределенности результатов испытаний на статическое растяжение.Установлено, что оценивание неопределенности результатов испытаний на статическое растяжение для обеспечения прослеживаемости результата приводит к необходимости учета систематической составляющей лаборатории при расчете неопределенности результатов испытания или как поправки, или как вклада в стандартную суммарную неопределенность. Предложены два варианта учета систематической составляющей лаборатории.Практическая значимость проведенного исследования заключается в возможности применения аккредитованными лабораториями модельного подхода теоретических принципов на основе ГОСТ  34100.3–2017 / ISO/IEC Guide 98–3:2008 и алгоритмов расчетов ГОСТ Р  ИСО 21748–2021 (уравнение 1) при оценке неопределенности по п. 7.6 ГОСТ I SO/IEC17025–2019

Oxidizing agents in metal-catalyzed and metal-free C-H functionalization of heteroarenes

Oxidative C-H functionalization represents a crucial method to make new C-C, C-X (X = heteroatom) bonds. An optimal selection of the oxidizing agent goes hand in hand with the insight into the reaction mechanism. This review covers recent advances in methods of direct oxidative C-H functionalization of azines and their derivatives with heteroaromatic nucleophiles. Also we review the data on application of inorganic and organic oxidants for implementation of these reactions. C-H functionalizations under electrochemical and photocatalytic oxidation conditions are included as well. © AUTHOR(S)Russian Foundation for Basic Research, РФФИ: 19-29-08037, 20-43-660054We are grateful to the support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grants No. 20-43-660054 and 19-29-08037)

Определение оптических параметров пленок ниобата лития методом спектрофотометрии

Lithium niobate films on silicon substrates were synthesized by high−frequency magnetron sputtering of a target. The resultant film was a layer of polycrystalline lithium niobate. By the method of spectrophotometry we obtained the spectral dependences of the reflectance in the wavelength range 300—700 nm at small angles of incidence. The angular dependence of p− and s− polarized light were measured for a discrete set of wavelengths from 300 to 700 nm increments of wavelength 50 nm and increments for angles of 1°. The values of the refractive indicies, film thickness and extinction coefficients were determined using a numerical method for solving inverse problems. As the film is absorbing we accepted the simulation optical system as an isotropic monolayer absorbing film on a semi-infinite absorbing substrate with a sharp interface. Initial approximation for the solution of inverse problems were defined by the methods based on the estimation of the interference extrema position in the reflection-angular spectra. Values of the refractive indicies of the film differ from the values typical for LiNbO3 single crystals obtained both from the reference literature, and by refractive indices direct goniometric method measurements of a certified standard enterprise sample (SES) made from a lithium niobate single crystal. We additionally studied the specimens with X−ray diffraction and scanning probe microscopy. These deviations are attributed to the film inhomogeneity, the presence of the second phase, and disordering of the structure. Inclusions of the second phase in the form of crystallites with a predominant orientation along the Z axis are observed.Высокочастотным магнетронным распылением мишени синтезированы пленки ниобата лития на кремниевых подложках. Полученные таким образом пленки представляли слой поликристаллического ниобата лития. Методом спектрофотометрии получены спектральные зависимости коэффициентов отражения в диапазоне длин волн 300—700 нм при малых углах падения. Угловые зависимости отражения света при p− и s−поляризациях измерены для дискретного набора длин волн от 300 до 700 нм с шагом по длинам волн 50 нм, а по углам с шагом 1°. Значения показателей преломления, толщины пленок и коэффициентов экстинкции определены с использованием численного метода решения обратных задач. В качестве модели оптической системы выбрана модель однослойной изотропной поглощающей пленки на полубесконечной поглощающей подложке с резкой границей раздела. Начальные приближения для решения обратных задач найдены с применением методик, основанных на определении положения интерференционных экстремумов на спектрально−угловых зависимостях отражения. Обнаружено, что значения показателей преломления пленки отличаются от значений, характерных для монокристаллического LiNbO3. Последние получены как из справочной литературы, так и путем измерений прямым гониометрическим методом показателей преломления аттестованного стандартного образца предприятия, изготовленного из монокристалла LiNbO3. Проведены дополнительные исследования образцов методами рентгенодифракционного анализа и сканирующей зондовой микроскопии. Показано, что причинами отклонений значений показателей преломления являются неоднородность пленки, наличие второй фазы и разупорядочение структуры. Включения второй фазы в виде кристаллитов наблюдаются с преимущественной ориентацией вдоль оси Z

Readiness of agricultural workers to develop new competencies and change the employment model in the conditions of digitalization

The relevance of the research is caused by the expansion of agrarian employment digital transformation. The purpose of the article is to study the readiness of agricultural workers to the digital challenges of modern times and the new model of employment. The article analyzes the expectations of agricultural workers regarding the risks of digitalization, changes in the form of employment and labor functions, change of occupation and place of residence. The critical role of the human factor in the transition to a new employment model caused by digitalization is taken as a hypothesis of the study. Underestimation of labor settings of employees lead to slowing development of agro-industrial complex. The hypothesis was tested when surveying agrarian workers. According to the survey, the level of readiness to change the employment model is more likely to be average. The most “problematic” component was readiness to learn, get a new profession. In order to increase the propensity of agricultural workers to digital employment, it is necessary to improve the system of labor management and economic incentives to develop digital competencies. The results can be used to assess the readiness and opportunity of agricultural workers to work in new conditions, manage changes in employment in the agricultural sector of the Russian economy

Effect of growth conditions on the mechanical properties of lanthanum-gallium tantalate crystals

The effect of growth conditions, anisotropy and polarity of specimens on the mechanical properties of lanthanum-gallium tantalate La3Ta0.5Ga5.5O14 single crystals grown in different atmospheres (argon (Ar), argon with oxygen addition (Ar+(<2%)O2 and Ar+(2%)O2) and air) was studied. The test specimens for the measurements were cut perpendicularly to a 3rd order axis (Z cuts) and in polar directions perpendicular to a 2nd order axis (Y cuts). The polarity of the Y cut specimens was tested by piezoelectric response. The brittleness was evaluated by microindentation at 3, 5, 10 and 25 g loads. The brittleness proved to show itself at a 5 g and the higher loads regardless of growth atmosphere. Therefore microhardness tests were done at loads of within 3 g. The microhardness HV of the specimens was measured with an DM 8B Affri microhardness tester by Vickers methods. The hardness H, elastic modulus E and elastic recovery coefficient R were measured with a Berkovich pyramid on a CSM Nano-Hardness Tester using the instrumented indentation (nanoindentation) method. Growth atmosphere was shown to affect the mechanical properties of lanthanum-gallium tantalate crystals: crystals grown in an oxygen-free argon atmosphere had the lowest microhardness, hardness, elastic modulus and elastic recovery coefficient. The lowest microhardness was detected in Z cut specimens regardless of growth atmosphere. The mechanical properties of polar Y cuts proved to be anisotropic: the microhardness, hardness, elastic modulus and elastic recovery coefficient of these cuts were lower for positive cuts than for negative ones regardless of growth atmosphere. Y and Z cut langatate specimens grown in argon with less than two percent oxygen exhibited strong elastic modulus and elastic recovery coefficient anisotropy