101 research outputs found
The kinetic description of vacuum particle creation in the oscillator representation
The oscillator representation is used for the non-perturbative description of
vacuum particle creation in a strong time-dependent electric field in the
framework of scalar QED. It is shown that the method can be more effective for
the derivation of the quantum kinetic equation (KE) in comparison with the
Bogoliubov method of time-dependent canonical transformations. This KE is used
for the investigation of vacuum creation in periodical linear and circular
polarized electric fields and also in the case of the presence of a constant
magnetic field, including the back reaction problem. In particular, these
examples are applied for a model illustration of some features of vacuum
creation of electron-positron plasma within the planned experiments on the
X-ray free electron lasers.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures, v2: a reference added; some changes in tex
Magnetocaloric and Magnetic Properties of Ni\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3eMn\u3csub\u3e1-x\u3c/sub\u3eCu\u3csub\u3ex\u3c/sub\u3eGa Heusler Alloys: an Insight from the Direct Measurements and \u3ci\u3eab initio\u3c/i\u3e and Monte Carlo Calculations
We calculated magnetic exchange constants and magnetocaloric properties of Ni2Mn1-xCuxGa Heusler alloys by ab initio and Monte Carlo methods. The ab initio study of the influence of the Cu excess x on the strength of magnetic interactions revealed that Cu weakens Mn-Ni interaction and has a complex impact on the Mn-Mn interactions. Theoretically calculated magnetic phase diagram of Ni2Mn1-xCuxGa is in a good agreement with available experimental data. Calculated by the Monte Carlo method the isothermal magnetic entropy change Delta Smag in a Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25Ga alloy is significantly smaller around the coupled magnetostructural phase transition temperature than the reported earlier experimental Delta Smag. This discrepancy is ascribed to an overestimation of the experimental Delta Smag at the magnetostructural phase transition. Theoretically determined adiabatic temperature change Delta Tad in Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25Ga agrees well with Delta Tad measured experimentally by a direct method
Lattice QCD Constraints on Hybrid and Quark Stars
A QCD-motivated dynamical-quasiparticle model with parameters adjusted to
reproduce the lattice-QCD equation of state is extrapolated from region of high
temperatures and moderate baryonic densities to the domain of high baryonic
densities and zero temperature. The resulting equation of state matched with
realistic hadronic equations of state predicts a phase transition into the
quark phase at higher densities than those reachable in neutron star interiors.
This excludes the possibility of the existence of hybrid (hadron-quark) stars.
Pure quark stars are possible and have low masses, small radii and very high
central densities. Similar results are obtained for a simple bag model with
massive quarks, fitted to reproduce the same lattice results. Self-bound quark
matter is also excluded within these models. Uncertainties in the present
extrapolation re discussed. Comparison with standard bag models is made.Comment: 13 p., 8 figs., 7 tables, Version accepted by Phys. Rev.
Low-energy theorems of QCD and bulk viscosity at finite temperature and baryon density in a magnetic field
The nonperturbative QCD vacuum at finite temperature and a finite baryon
density in an external magnetic field is studied. Equations relating
nonperturbative condensates to the thermodynamic pressure for , and are obtained, and low-energy theorems are derived. A bulk
viscosity is expressed in terms of basic thermodynamical
quantities describing the quark-gluon matter at , , and
. Various limiting cases are also considered.Comment: 12 pages; v2: title changed, new section about bulk viscosity and new
references added; v3: new discussion adde
Noncommutativity and Lorentz Violation in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
The experimental detection of the effects of noncommuting coordinates in
electrodynamic phenomena depends on the magnitude of |\theta B|, where \theta
is the noncommutativity parameter and B a background magnetic field. With the
present upper bound on \theta, given by \theta_{\rm bound} \simeq 1/(10 {\rm
TeV})^2, there was no large enough magnetic field in nature, including those
observed in magnetars, that could give visible effects or, conversely, that
could be used to further improve \theta_{\rm bound}. On the other hand,
recently it has been proposed that intense enough magnetic fields should be
produced at the beginning of relativistic heavy ion collisions. We discuss here
lepton pair production by free photons as one kind of signature of
noncommutativity and Lorentz violation that could occur at RHIC or LHC. This
allows us to obtain a more stringent bound on \theta, given by 10^{-3}
\theta_{\rm bound}, if such "exotic" events do not occur.Comment: Five pages, no figures
Magnetic Catalysis: A Review
We give an overview of the magnetic catalysis phenomenon. In the framework of
quantum field theory, magnetic catalysis is broadly defined as an enhancement
of dynamical symmetry breaking by an external magnetic field. We start from a
brief discussion of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the role of a magnetic
field in its a dynamics. This is followed by a detailed presentation of the
essential features of the phenomenon. In particular, we emphasize that the
dimensional reduction plays a profound role in the pairing dynamics in a
magnetic field. Using the general nature of underlying physics and its
robustness with respect to interaction types and model content, we argue that
magnetic catalysis is a universal and model-independent phenomenon. In support
of this claim, we show how magnetic catalysis is realized in various models
with short-range and long-range interactions. We argue that the general nature
of the phenomenon implies a wide range of potential applications: from certain
types of solid state systems to models in cosmology, particle and nuclear
physics. We finish the review with general remarks about magnetic catalysis and
an outlook for future research.Comment: 37 pages, to appear in Lect. Notes Phys. "Strongly interacting matter
in magnetic fields" (Springer), edited by D. Kharzeev, K. Landsteiner, A.
Schmitt, H.-U. Yee. Version 2: references adde
Holographic rho mesons in an external magnetic field
We study the rho meson in a uniform magnetic field eB using a holographic
QCD-model, more specifically a D4/D8/Dbar8 brane setup in the confinement phase
at zero temperature with two quenched flavours. The parameters of the model are
fixed by matching to corresponding dual field theory parameters at zero
magnetic field. We show that the up- and down-flavour branes respond
differently to the presence of the magnetic field in the dual QCD-like theory,
as expected because of the different electromagnetic charge carried by up- and
down-quark. We discuss how to recover the Landau levels, indicating an
instability of the QCD vacuum at eB = m_rho^2 towards a phase where charged rho
mesons are condensed, as predicted by Chernodub using effective QCD-models. We
improve on these existing effective QCD-model analyses by also taking into
account the chiral magnetic catalysis effect, which tells us that the
constituent quark masses rise with eB. This turns out to increase the value of
the critical magnetic field for the onset of rho meson condensation to eB = 1.1
m_rho^2 = 0.67 GeV^2. We briefly discuss the influence of pions, which turn out
to be irrelevant for the condensation in the approximation made.Comment: 26 pages, 10 .pdf figures, v2: version accepted for publication in
JHE
Lattice QCD Simulations in External Background Fields
We discuss recent results and future prospects regarding the investigation,
by lattice simulations, of the non-perturbative properties of QCD and of its
phase diagram in presence of magnetic or chromomagnetic background fields.
After a brief introduction to the formulation of lattice QCD in presence of
external fields, we focus on studies regarding the effects of external fields
on chiral symmetry breaking, on its restoration at finite temperature and on
deconfinement. We conclude with a few comments regarding the effects of
electromagnetic background fields on gluodynamics.Comment: 31 pages, 10 figures, minor changes and references added. To appear
in Lect. Notes Phys. "Strongly interacting matter in magnetic fields"
(Springer), edited by D. Kharzeev, K. Landsteiner, A. Schmitt, H.-U. Ye
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