Ensemble coding of color and luminance contrast

Ensemble coding has been demonstrated for many attributes including color, but the metrics on which this coding is based remain uncertain. We examined ensemble percepts for stimulus sets that varied in chromatic contrast between complementary hues, or that varied in luminance contrast between increments and decrements, in both cases focusing on the ensemble percepts for the neutral gray stimulus defining the category boundary. Each ensemble was composed of 16 circles with four contrast levels. Observers saw the display for 0.5 s and then judged whether a target contrast was a member of the set. False alarms were high for intermediate contrasts (within the range of the ensemble) and fell for higher or lower values. However, for ensembles with complementary hues, gray was less likely to be reported as a member, even when it represented the mean chromaticity of the set. When the settings were repeated for luminance contrast, false alarms for gray were higher and fell off more gradually for out-of-range contrasts. This difference implies that opposite luminance polarities represent a more continuous perceptual dimension than opponent-color variations, and that “gray” is a stronger category boundary for chromatic than luminance contrasts. For color, our results suggest that ensemble percepts reflect pooling within rather than between large hue differences, perhaps because the visual system represents hue differences more like qualitatively different categories than like quantitative differences within an underlying color “space.” The differences for luminance and color suggest more generally that ensemble coding for different visual attributes might depend on different processes that in turn depend on the format of the visual representation

Improving the efficiency of after-furnace slag treatment of steel

22.00; Translated from Russian (Stal' 1987 (7) p. 29-30)SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:9022.06(BISI-Trans--26259)T / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

ВКЛАД ГЕНЕРАЛ-МАЙОРА МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ СЛУЖБЫ М. А. ЛУЩИЦКОГО В РАЗВИТИЕ ВОЕННО-МОРСКОЙ ХИРУРГИИ (К 100-ЛЕТИЮ СО ДНЯ РОЖДЕНИЯ)

The article is devoted to the outstanding naval surgeon professor Mikhail Luschitsky, head of the department of naval and hospital surgery of the Military medical Academy. S. M. Kirov (1973–1986 biennium), general-major of the medical service. Mikhail Alekseevich graduated from the Naval medical Academy in 1941 and was sent to the Pacific fleet. For participation in the war with militaristic Japan will be awarded the order of the red Star. From 1951 to 1958 he served in the Kronstadt naval hospital as head of the surgical Department. Kronstadska school of naval surgeons laid the future surgeon general of the navy and head of the department of naval and hospital surgery professor, the general-major of medical service M. A. Luschitsky to go the fundamental basis of his future scientific and pedagogical activity. In the period from 1958 to 1961, he, being an adjunct of the department of naval surgery, prepared his thesis «Surgical treatment of frostbite 3–4 degrees, combined with radiation sickness», for the scientific value of which the Scientific Council of the Academy awarded him the degree of doctor of medical Sciences. From 1973 to 1986 Mikhail Alekseevich was the head of the department of naval and hospital surgery, where his talent of a great teacher, surgeon and organizer was fully manifested. He created his own unique school of naval surgeons. Mikhail Alekseevich is the author of 146 scientific works, he was twice elected Chairman of the Surgical society of Pirogov. Under his leadership, 7 doctoral and 18 master’s theses were prepared and defended. He retired in 1986. Mikhail Alekseevich died on March 10, 1999.Статья посвящена выдающемуся военно-морскому хирургу профессору Михаилу Алексеевичу Лущицкому, начальнику кафедры военно-морской и госпитальной хирургии (ВМГХ) Военно-медицинской академии им. С. М. Кирова (1973–1986 гг.), генерал-майору медицинской службы. Михаил Алексеевич в 1941 г. окончил Военно-морскую медицинскую академию и был направлен на Тихоокеанский флот. За участие в войне с милитаристской Японией награждем орденом Красной Звезды. С 1951 по 1958 г. служил в Кронштадском военно-морском госпитале в должности начальника хирургического отделения. Кронштадская школа военно-морских хирургов заложила у будущего главного хирурга Военно-Морского Флота (ВМФ) и начальника кафедры ВМГХ профессора, генерал-майора медицинской службы М. А. Лущицкого фундаментальные основы его дальнейшей научно-педагогической деятельности. В период с 1958 по 1961 г. он, будучи адъюнктом кафедры военно-морской хирургии, подготовил кандидатскую диссертацию «Оперативное лечение отморожений 3–4 степеней, комбинированных с лучевой болезнью», за научную ценность которой ученый совет академии присвоил ему ученую степень доктора медицинских наук. С 1973 по 1986 г. Михаил Алексеевич был начальником кафедры ВМГХ, где в полном объеме проявился его талант великолепного педагога, хирурга и организатора. Он создал свою неповторимую школу военно-морских хирургов. Михаил Алексеевич — автор 146 научных работ, дважды избирался председателем Хирургического общества Пирогова. Под его руководством подготовлено и защищено 7 докторских и 18 кандидатских диссертаций. В 1986 г. он ушел в отставку. Умер Михаил Алексеевич 10 марта 1999 г.</p

Urbach tail and nonuniformity probe of HgCdTe thin films and quantum well heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Temperature-driven photoconductivity spectra are studied in HgCdTe thin films and quantum well (QW) heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It is shown that the absorption edge steepness in narrow gap HgCdTe epilayers approaches the fundamental limit. The corresponding Urbach energy is 1.5 to 4 meV at 4.2 to 77 K, which is an order of magnitude lower than values reported previously, indicating a significant progress in the quality of structures grown by MBE. Auger-suppressed multi-QW heterostructures that can be used for development of long-wavelength lasers/detectors are shown to have the comparable steepness of the absorption edge. The corresponding “Urbach” energy is much less than the threshold energy of the Auger recombination, which means that furthering the operating wavelengths beyond 20 μm is feasible for optoelectronic devices based on HgCdTe structures